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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2023
1. Tier 1 embraces the major assemblers like Ford and Tata; Tier 2 embraces the major component suppliers like Bosch or Denso; in Tier 3 are large and small, mostly local Indian suppliers; and Tier 4 consists of self-employed suppliers.
2. ‘At the high end of the industry – in OEMs and Tier-1 and Tier-2 firms – labour standards and employment relations have been transformed by the imposition of regional contract labour systems that have … reproduced an informal work environment within formal institutions’ (p. 227).