Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T15:17:54.846Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Translating OWL and semantic web rules into prolog: Moving toward description logic programs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2008

KEN SAMUEL ,
LEO OBRST ,
SUZETTE STOUTENBERG ,
KAREN FOX ,
PAUL FRANKLIN ,
ADRIAN JOHNSON ,
KEN LASKEY ,
DEBORAH NICHOLS ,
STEVE LOPEZ  and
JASON PETERSON
KEN SAMUEL
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 7525 Colshire Drive, McLean, VA 22102-7508 (e-mail: samuel@mitre.org, lobrst@mitre.org, klaskey@mitre.org, dlnichols@mitre.org)
LEO OBRST
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 7525 Colshire Drive, McLean, VA 22102-7508 (e-mail: samuel@mitre.org, lobrst@mitre.org, klaskey@mitre.org, dlnichols@mitre.org)
SUZETTE STOUTENBERG
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 1155 Academy Park Loop, Colorado Springs, CO 80910-3716 (e-mail: suzette@mitre.org, kfox@mitre.org, pfranklin@mitre.org, abjohnson@mitre.org, slopez@mitre.org, jasonp@mitre.org)
KAREN FOX
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 1155 Academy Park Loop, Colorado Springs, CO 80910-3716 (e-mail: suzette@mitre.org, kfox@mitre.org, pfranklin@mitre.org, abjohnson@mitre.org, slopez@mitre.org, jasonp@mitre.org)
PAUL FRANKLIN
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 1155 Academy Park Loop, Colorado Springs, CO 80910-3716 (e-mail: suzette@mitre.org, kfox@mitre.org, pfranklin@mitre.org, abjohnson@mitre.org, slopez@mitre.org, jasonp@mitre.org)
ADRIAN JOHNSON
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 1155 Academy Park Loop, Colorado Springs, CO 80910-3716 (e-mail: suzette@mitre.org, kfox@mitre.org, pfranklin@mitre.org, abjohnson@mitre.org, slopez@mitre.org, jasonp@mitre.org)
KEN LASKEY
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 7525 Colshire Drive, McLean, VA 22102-7508 (e-mail: samuel@mitre.org, lobrst@mitre.org, klaskey@mitre.org, dlnichols@mitre.org)
DEBORAH NICHOLS
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 7525 Colshire Drive, McLean, VA 22102-7508 (e-mail: samuel@mitre.org, lobrst@mitre.org, klaskey@mitre.org, dlnichols@mitre.org)
STEVE LOPEZ
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 1155 Academy Park Loop, Colorado Springs, CO 80910-3716 (e-mail: suzette@mitre.org, kfox@mitre.org, pfranklin@mitre.org, abjohnson@mitre.org, slopez@mitre.org, jasonp@mitre.org)
JASON PETERSON
Affiliation:
The MITRE Corporation, 1155 Academy Park Loop, Colorado Springs, CO 80910-3716 (e-mail: suzette@mitre.org, kfox@mitre.org, pfranklin@mitre.org, abjohnson@mitre.org, slopez@mitre.org, jasonp@mitre.org)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We are researching the interaction between the rule and the ontology layers of the Semantic Web, by comparing two options: 1) using OWL and its rule extension SWRL to develop an integrated ontology/rule language, and 2) layering rules on top of an ontology with RuleML and OWL. Toward this end, we are developing the SWORIER system, which enables efficient automated reasoning on ontologies and rules, by translating all of them into Prolog and adding a set of general rules that properly capture the semantics of OWL. We have also enabled the user to make dynamic changes on the fly, at run time. This work addresses several of the concerns expressed in previous work, such as negation, complementary classes, disjunctive heads, and cardinality, and it discusses alternative approaches for dealing with inconsistencies in the knowledge base. In addition, for efficiency, we implemented techniques called extensionalization, avoiding reanalysis, and code minimization.

Keywords

Semantic WebLogic programmingKnowledge compilationOntologiesRules
Type
Regular Papers
Information
Theory and Practice of Logic Programming , Volume 8 , Issue 3 , May 2008 , pp. 301 - 322
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ait-Kaci, H. 1991. Warren's Abstract Machine: A Tutorial Reconstruction, MIT Press, Series in Logic Programming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amzi! 2006. Amzi! Prolog+Logic Server, adventure in prolog tutorial, expert systems in prolog, freeware, articles, source code, consulting. http://www.amzi.com/ [Accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Barták, R. 1998. Constructive negation and constraints. http://kti.mff.cuni.cz/~bartak/clp/downloads/ConstrNeg_EA.pdf [Accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Bechhofer, S., van Harmelen, F., Hendler, J., Horrocks, I., McGuinness, D. L., Patel-Schneider, P. F. and Stein, L. A. 2004. OWL Web Ontology Language Reference. W3C, Dean, Mike and Schreiber, Guus (eds). http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/ [Accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Cadoli, M. and Donini, F. M. 1997. A survey on knowledge compilation. AI Communications—The European Journal for Artificial Intelligence, 10:137–50.Google Scholar
Cadoli, M., Palipoli, L., Schaerf, A. and Vasile, D. 1999. NP-SPEC: An executable specification language for solving all problems in NP. Proc. of PADL'99, pp. 16–30. Also: LNCS 1551, Springer–Verlag [Online at http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/pub/AI/papers/cado-etal-99.ps.gz, accessed 12 Sep 2007].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumbo, C., Faber, W., Greco, G. and Leone, N. 2004. Enhancing the magic-set method for disjunctive datalog programs. ICLP 2004, pp. 371–85.Google Scholar
Daconta, M., Obrst, L. and Smith, K. 2003. The Semantic Web: The Future of XML, Web Services, and Knowledge Management. John Wiley, Inc. June, 2003.Google Scholar
Darwiche, A. and Marquis, P. 2002. A knowledge compilation map. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), 17:229–64. [Online at http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~darwiche/d116.pdf, accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
de Bruijn, J., Polleres, A., Lara, R. and Fensel, D. 2004. WSML deliverable D20.3 v0.1 OWL flight. WSML Working Draft [Online at http://www.wsmo.org/2004/d20/d20.3/v0.1, accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Du, D., Gu, J. and Pardalos, P. (eds) 1997. Satisfiability Problem: Theory and Applications, DIMACS Series in Discrete Mathamatics and Theoretical Computer Science, American Mathematical Society: Rutgers University, USA Volume 35.Google Scholar
Eiter, T., Lukasiewicz, T., Schindlauer, R. and Tompits, Hans 2004. Combining answer set programming with description logics for the semantic Web. Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'04).Google Scholar
Gogic, G., Kautz, H. A., Papadimitriou, C. and Selman, B. 1995. The comparative linguistics of knowledge representation. Proc. of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-95). AAAI Press, pp. 862–9.Google Scholar
Grosof, B. N., Horrocks, I., Volz, R. and Decker, S. 2003. Description logic programs: Combining logic programs with description logic. Proc. of the Twelfth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2003). Budapest, Hungary: ACM, May 20–23, 2003, pp. 48–57.Google Scholar
Heymans, S. and Vermeir, D. 2003. Integrating description logics and answer set programming. Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning (PPSWR-03), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2901. Mumbai, India: Springer Verlag, pp. 146–59.Google Scholar
Hirtle, D., Boley, H., Damasio, C., Grosof, B., Kifer, M., Sintek, M., Tabet, S. and Wagner, G. 2004. “Schema specification of ruleML 0.87. http://www.ruleml.org/0.87/ [Accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Hitzler, P., Studer, R., Sure, Y. 2005. Description logic programs: A practical choice for the modelling of ontologies. http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/phi/pub/dlppos05.pdf [Accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P. F., Boley, H., Tabet, S., Grosof, B. and Dean, M. 2004. SWRL: A semantic web rule language combining OWL and ruleML”. http://www.daml.org/rules/proposal/ [Accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Kautz, H. and Selman, B. 1994. An empirical evaluation of knowledge compilation. In Proc. of the 12th National Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. Seattle, WA, July 1994, MIT Press, pp. 155–61.Google Scholar
Kautz, H. A. and Selman, B. 1991. A general framework for knowledge compilation. In Proc. of the International Workshop on Processing Declarative Knowledge (PDK-91). Richter, H. and Richter, M. (eds), Lecture Notes In Artificial Intelligence 567. Springer Verlag, pp. 287–300. [Online at www.cs.rochester.edu/u/www/u/kautz/papers/kc-gen.ps, accessed 12 Sep 2007].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maedche, A. and Volz, R. 2003. Optimizing query answering in description logics using disjunctive deductive databases. 10th International Workshop on Knowledge Representation meets Databases (KRDB-2003), Hamburg, Germany, Sept 15–16, 2003.Google Scholar
Minker, J. and Seipel, D. 2002. Disjunctive logic programming: A survey and assessment. Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond, pp. 472–511.Google Scholar
Rector, A., Drummond, N., Horridge, M., Rogers, J., Knublauch, H., Stevens, R., Wang, H. and Woe, C. 2004. OWL pizzas: Practical experience of teaching OWL-DL: Common errors & common patterns. 14th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (EKAW), Whittlebury Hall, UK. [Online at http://www.co-ode.org/resources/papers/ekaw2004.pdf, accessed 12 Sep 2007].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrag, R. and Crawford, J. M. 1996. Implicates and prime implicates in random 3SAT. Artificial Intelligence Journal 81:199–222. Also: Frontiers in Problem Solving: Phase Transitions and Complexity, Hogg, T., Huberman, B. A. and Williams, C. (eds). [Online at http://www.cirl.uoregon.edu/crawford/papers/implicates.ps, accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Samuel, K., Obrst, L., Stoutenburg, S., Fox, K., Franklin, P., Johnson, A., Laskey, K., Nichols, D., Lopez, S. and Peterson, J. 2006. Applying prolog to semantic web ontologies and rules: Moving toward description logic programs. Proc. of the International Workshop on Applications of Logic Programming in the Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services, International Conference on Logic Programming. August 16, 2006. Seattle, Washington. 112–3. Poster presentation and extended abstract. [Online at http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-196/alpsws2006-poster5.pdf, accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Selman, B. and Kautz, H. A. 1991. Knowledge compilation using horn approximations. Proc. of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI91), pp. 904–9, [Online at www.cs.rochester.edu/u/www/u/kautz/papers/kc-horn.ps, accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar
Selman, B. and Kautz, H. 1996. Knowledge compilation and theory approximation. Journal of the ACM 43 (2):193–224, March, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sippu, S. and Soisalon-Soininen, E. 1996. An analysis of magic sets and related optimization strategies for logic queries. Journal of the ACM (JACM) 43 (6), 1046–88.Google Scholar
Stoutenburg, S., Obrst, L., Nichols, D., Samuel, K., Laskey, K., Johnson, A., Peterson, J. and Fox, K. 2006. Year 1 Results: Evaluating Proposed Approaches for a Standard Semantic Web Rule Language. MITRE Technical Report 06b0000014.Google Scholar
Stoutenburg, S., Obrst, L., Nichols, D., Peterson, J. and Johnson, A. 2005. Toward a standard rule language for semantic integration of the DoD enterprise. W3C Workshop on Rule Languages for Interoperability. April 2005, Washington, DC, pp. 27–8.Google Scholar
Van Roy, P. L. 1990. Can Logic Programming Execute as Fast as Imperative Programming? PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Technical report no. UCB/CSD 90/600, U. C. Berkeley Computer Science Division. Also: Fast Logic Program Execution, Intellect Books.Google Scholar
Van Roy, P. and Despain, A. M. 1992. High-performance logic programming with the aquarius prolog compiler. IEEE Computer. 25 (1):54–68.Google Scholar
Van Roy, P. 1994. The wonder years of sequential prolog implementation. Journal of Logic Programming, 19:385–441. [Online at ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/PRL/research-reports/PRL-RR-36.ps.Z, accessed 12 Sep 2007].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volz, R. 2004. Web Ontology Reasoning with Logic Databases. PhD thesis, AIFB, University of Karlsruhe.Google Scholar
Volz, R., Decker, S. and Oberle, D. 2003. Bubo-amplementing OWL in rule-based systems. http://www.daml.org/listarchive/joint-committee/att-1254/01-bubo.pdf [Accessed 12 Sep 2007].Google Scholar