No CrossRef data available.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 May 2018
What would you think if someone told you they heard voices when no one was there, or could sense the presence of the dead? In some historical periods and in some societies today these experiences are made sense of positively in religious or spiritual terms, but in modern western societies they tend to be regarded as symptomatic of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. I argue that interpreting these experiences in terms of illness can negatively affect them, turning them into something pathological when they needn't necessarily be so. I also discuss wider issues regarding illness, medicine, authority, interpretation and meaning.
1 McGruder, J., ‘Life Experience is Not a Disease or Why Medicalizing Madness is Counterproductive to Recovery’, in Brown, C. (ed.) Recovery and Wellness: Models of Hope and Empowerment for People with Mental Illness (Binghampton, NY: The Haworth Press, 2001), 59–80Google Scholar.
2 Hay, D., and Heald, G., ‘Religion is Good for You’, New Society (1987), 21-2Google Scholar.
3 Pechey, R., and Halligan, P., ‘Prevalence and Correlates of Anomalous Experiences in a Large Non-clinical Sample’, Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 85 (2012), 150–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
4 Loewenthal, K., Religion, Culture and Mental Health (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 16Google Scholar.
5 Teeple, R., Caplan, J., and Stern, T., ‘Visual Hallucinations: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment’, The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 11.1 (2009), 26–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
6 Rosenhan, D., ‘On Being Sane in Insane Places’, Science 179.4070 (1973), 250–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
7 Slater, L., Opening Skinner’s Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century (London: Bloomsbury, 2004)Google Scholar.
8 Jackson, L., Hayward, M. and Cooke, A., ‘Developing Positive Relationships with Voices: A Preliminary Grounded Theory’, International Journal of Social Psychiatry 57.5 (2010), 487–95, at p. 491CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
9 Leroy, cited in Heriot-Maitland, C., Knight, M. and Peters, E., ‘A Qualitative Comparison of Psychotic-Like Phenomena in Clinical and Non-Clinical Populations’, British Journal of Clinical Psychology 51 (2012), 37–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed, at p. 49.
10 Jackson, M., and Fulford, K. W. M., ‘Spiritual Experience and Psychopathology’, Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology 4.1 (1997), 41–65Google Scholar, at p. 57.
11 Roxburgh, E., and Roe, C., ‘Reframing Voices and Visions using a Spiritual Model: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Anomalous Experiences in Mediumship’, Mental Health, Religion and Culture 17.6 (2014), 641–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
12 Seligman, R., ‘From Affliction to Affirmation: Narrative Transformation and the Therapeutics of Candomblé Mediumship’, Transcultural Psychiatry 42.2 (2005), 27–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
13 Krippner, S., ‘Learning from the Spirits: Candomblé, Umbanda, and Kardescismo in Recife, Brazil’, Anthropology of Consciousness 9.1 (2008), 1–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 8.
14 Jackson, and Fulford, ‘Spiritual Experience and Psychopathology’, 47.
15 Yamamoto, J., Okonogi, K., Iwasaki, T. and Yoshimura, S., ‘Mourning in Japan’, American Journal of Psychiatry 125 (1969), 1660–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
16 S. Freud, Mourning and Melancholia, in Strachey, J. (ed. and trans.) The Stanford edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol. XIV (London: Hogarth Press, 1917), 255Google Scholar.
17 Klass, D., Silverman, P. R. and Nickman, S. L. (eds.), Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief (London and Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis, 1996)Google Scholar.
18 Davies, D. J., Death, Ritual and Belief: The Rhetoric of Funerary Rites (London: Continuum, 1997)Google Scholar.
19 Depression, it seems to me, is inherently pathological, since it is inherently distressing, and is accompanied by loss of agency and function – which (as already noted) are common characteristics of pathology.
20 Solomon, A., The Noonday Demon: An Anatomy of Depression (London: Vintage Books, 2002), 443, 436, 436, 434Google Scholar.
21 Nouwen, H., The Inner Voice of Love: A Journey through Anguish to Freedom (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 2009), 97–8Google Scholar.