Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:33:41.840Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CAN BEING TOLD YOU'RE ILL MAKE YOU ILL? A DISCUSSION OF PSYCHIATRY, RELIGION AND OUT OF THE ORDINARY EXPERIENCES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2018

Get access

Abstract

What would you think if someone told you they heard voices when no one was there, or could sense the presence of the dead? In some historical periods and in some societies today these experiences are made sense of positively in religious or spiritual terms, but in modern western societies they tend to be regarded as symptomatic of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. I argue that interpreting these experiences in terms of illness can negatively affect them, turning them into something pathological when they needn't necessarily be so. I also discuss wider issues regarding illness, medicine, authority, interpretation and meaning.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Philosophy 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1 McGruder, J., ‘Life Experience is Not a Disease or Why Medicalizing Madness is Counterproductive to Recovery’, in Brown, C. (ed.) Recovery and Wellness: Models of Hope and Empowerment for People with Mental Illness (Binghampton, NY: The Haworth Press, 2001), 5980Google Scholar.

2 Hay, D., and Heald, G., ‘Religion is Good for You’, New Society (1987), 21-2Google Scholar.

3 Pechey, R., and Halligan, P., ‘Prevalence and Correlates of Anomalous Experiences in a Large Non-clinical Sample’, Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 85 (2012), 150–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Loewenthal, K., Religion, Culture and Mental Health (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 16Google Scholar.

5 Teeple, R., Caplan, J., and Stern, T., ‘Visual Hallucinations: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment’, The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 11.1 (2009), 2632CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

6 Rosenhan, D., ‘On Being Sane in Insane Places’, Science 179.4070 (1973), 250–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

7 Slater, L., Opening Skinner’s Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century (London: Bloomsbury, 2004)Google Scholar.

8 Jackson, L., Hayward, M. and Cooke, A., ‘Developing Positive Relationships with Voices: A Preliminary Grounded Theory’, International Journal of Social Psychiatry 57.5 (2010), 487–95, at p. 491CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

9 Leroy, cited in Heriot-Maitland, C., Knight, M. and Peters, E., ‘A Qualitative Comparison of Psychotic-Like Phenomena in Clinical and Non-Clinical Populations’, British Journal of Clinical Psychology 51 (2012), 3753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed, at p. 49.

10 Jackson, M., and Fulford, K. W. M., ‘Spiritual Experience and Psychopathology’, Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology 4.1 (1997), 4165Google Scholar, at p. 57.

11 Roxburgh, E., and Roe, C., ‘Reframing Voices and Visions using a Spiritual Model: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Anomalous Experiences in Mediumship’, Mental Health, Religion and Culture 17.6 (2014), 641–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Seligman, R., ‘From Affliction to Affirmation: Narrative Transformation and the Therapeutics of Candomblé Mediumship’, Transcultural Psychiatry 42.2 (2005), 2794CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

13 Krippner, S., ‘Learning from the Spirits: Candomblé, Umbanda, and Kardescismo in Recife, Brazil’, Anthropology of Consciousness 9.1 (2008), 132CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 8.

14 Jackson, and Fulford, ‘Spiritual Experience and Psychopathology’, 47.

15 Yamamoto, J., Okonogi, K., Iwasaki, T. and Yoshimura, S., ‘Mourning in Japan’, American Journal of Psychiatry 125 (1969), 1660–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

16 S. Freud, Mourning and Melancholia, in Strachey, J. (ed. and trans.) The Stanford edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol. XIV (London: Hogarth Press, 1917), 255Google Scholar.

17 Klass, D., Silverman, P. R. and Nickman, S. L. (eds.), Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief (London and Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis, 1996)Google Scholar.

18 Davies, D. J., Death, Ritual and Belief: The Rhetoric of Funerary Rites (London: Continuum, 1997)Google Scholar.

19 Depression, it seems to me, is inherently pathological, since it is inherently distressing, and is accompanied by loss of agency and function – which (as already noted) are common characteristics of pathology.

20 Solomon, A., The Noonday Demon: An Anatomy of Depression (London: Vintage Books, 2002), 443, 436, 436, 434Google Scholar.

21 Nouwen, H., The Inner Voice of Love: A Journey through Anguish to Freedom (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 2009), 97–8Google Scholar.