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Rising Islamism and the Struggle for Islamic Authority in Post-Reformasi Indonesia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 September 2019

Alexander R. Arifianto Open the ORCID record for Alexander R. Arifianto [Opens in a new window]
Alexander R. Arifianto*
Affiliation:
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: isalex@ntu.edu.sg
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Abstract

The successful ‘Defending Islam’ rallies of 2016–2017 provide clear evidence that Islamism is on the rise in contemporary Indonesia. Mainstream Islamic authorities, including groups such as Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, are increasingly losing their authority to newer, more conservative Islamic preachers and groups. What explains this phenomenon – and what does it mean for the moderate perspectives that many predicted would dominate Islam in Indonesia in the post-Reformasi era?

This article argues that three main mechanisms can explain the rise of Islamism in Indonesia: 1) the creation of a ‘marketplace of ideas’ in post-Reformasi Indonesia and the way in which this marketplace has contributed to the rise of Islamism and the breakdown of Islamic authority; 2) the ascent of new Islamic authority figures, who propagate their views using new methods, ranging from social media to campus da'wa organisations and community-based activities (majelis taklim); and 3) the growing influence of new Islamic groups and preachers, who are building alliances with established religious elites and politicians. Such alliances strengthen the influence of new Islamic authorities, while further marginalising religious minorities, such as Ahmadi and Shi'a Muslims.

Keywords

IslamismIslamic authoritymarketplace of ideasreligious intoleranceIndonesia
Type
Article
Information
TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , May 2020 , pp. 37 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © Institute for East Asian Studies, Sogang University 2019

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References

References

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Hadiz, Vedi. 2018. “Imagine all the people? Mobilizing Islamic populism for right-wing politics in Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48(2): 566–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamayotsu, Kikue. 2018. “Moderate-radical coalition in the name of Islam: Conservative Islamism in Indonesia and Malaysia.” Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 23. Kyoto, Japan: Center of Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. Available at: https://kyotoreview.org/issue-23/conservative-islamism-indonesia-malaysia/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
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Hefner, Robert W. 2011. “Where have all the Abangan gone? Religionization and the decline of non-standard Islam in contemporary Indonesia.” In The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali, edited by Picard, Michel and Madinier, Rémy, 71–90. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
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Hew, Wai Weng. 2018. “The art of Dakwah: Social media, visual persuasion, and the Islamist propagation of Felix Siauw.” Indonesia and the Malay World 46(134): 61–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoesterey, James Bourk. 2016. Rebranding Islam: Piety, Prosperity, and a Self-Help Guru. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
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Lukito, Ratno. 2016. “Islamisation as legal intolerance: The case of GARIS in Cianjur, West Java.” Al Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 54(2): 393–425.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Peter. 2007. “Globalization and the politics of knowledge: Pluralizing authority in the Muslim world.” Theory, Culture and Society 24(2): 101–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mecham, Quinn. 2017. Institutional Origins of Islamic Political Mobilization. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menchik, Jeremy. 2014. “Productive intolerance: Godly nationalism in Indonesia.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 56(3): 591–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menchik, Jeremy. 2016. Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mietzner, Marcus, and Burhanuddin, Muhtadi. 2018. “Explaining the 2016 Islamist mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious intolerance, militant groups, and the politics of accommodation.” Asian Studies Review 42(3): 479–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mietzner, Marcus, Muhtadi, Burhanuddin, and Halida, Rizkap. 2018. “Entrepreneurs of grievance: Drivers and effects of Indonesia's Islamist mobilization.” Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 174: 159–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miichi, Ken. 2019. “The political aspirations of the Shi'ites in Indonesia: Response to the Sampang incidents in 2011–12” (submitted as part of this special edition).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munabari, Fahlesa. 2017. “Reconciling Shari'a with ‘Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia’: The ideology and framing strategies of the Indonesian forum of Islamic society (FUI).” International Area Studies Review 20(3): 242–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munabari, Fahlesa. 2018. “The quest for Sharia in Indonesia: The mobilization strategy of the forum of Islamic society.” Contemporary Islam 12(3): 229–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Osman, Mohamed Nawab Mohamed. 2018. Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia and Political Islam: Identity, Ideology, and Political Mobilization. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Soedirgo, Jessica. 2018. “Informal networks and religious intolerance: How clientelism incentives the discrimination of the Ahmadiyah in Indonesia.” Citizenship Studies 22(2): 191–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparrow, Robert, and Goodin, Robert E.. 2001. “The competition of ideas: Market or garden?” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 4(2): 45–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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van Bruinessen, Martin. 2018. “Indonesian Muslims in a globalizing world: Westernization, Arabization, and Indigenizing responses.” RSIS Working Paper 311, May 3. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Available at: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/wp311-indonesian-muslims-in-a-globalising-world-westernisation-arabisation-and-indigenising-responses/ (accessed 26 July 2019).Google Scholar
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Dwicahyo, Satrio, undergraduate alumnus, Gadjah Mada University, interviewed 23 August 2017, Singapore.Google Scholar
Dwiyanto, , Vice Chairman of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), Pamekasan District, interviewed 14 October 2017, Pamekasan, East Java, Indonesia.Google Scholar
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Arifianto, Alexander R. 2017. Islam Nusantara and Its Critics: The Rise of NU's Young clerics, RSIS Commentary 17/018, 23 January. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Available at: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/co17018-politics-plurality-and-inter-group-relations-in-indonesia-islam-nusantara-its-critics-the-rise-of-nus-young-clerics/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Arifianto, Alexander R. 2018a. “Islamic campus preaching organizations in Indonesia: Promoters of moderation or radicalism?” Asian Security. doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2018.1461086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arifianto, Alexander R. 2018b. Indonesia's Ideological Convergence: Emerging Trend in Islamic Regulations? RSIS Commentary 18/032, 27 February. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Available at: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/co18032-indonesias-ideological-convergence-emerging-trend-in-islamic-regulations/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Arifianto, Alexander R. 2018c. Nahdlatul Ulama is Home to Its Own Hardliners, New Mandala, 8 August. Available at: https://www.newmandala.org/nadhlatul-ulama-home-hardliners/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Arifianto, Alexander R. 2018d. “Quo Vadis Civil Islam? Explaining rising Islamism in post-Reformasi Indonesia.” Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 24. Kyoto, Japan: Center of Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. Available at: https://kyotoreview.org/issue-24/rising-islamism-in-post-reformasi-indonesia/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Arifianto, Alexander R. 2019. Joko Widodo: Vulnerable Despite Strong Incumbency, RSIS Commentary 19/008, 11 January. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Available at: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/indonesian-presidential-election-2019-joko-widodo-vulnerable-despite-strong-incumbency/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Azra, Azyumardi. 2006. Indonesia, Islam, and Democracy: Dynamics in a Global Context. Jakarta: Solstice Publishing.Google Scholar
Buehler, Michael. 2016. The Politics of Shari'a Law: Islamist Activists and the State in Democratizing Indonesia. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bush, Robin. 2008. “Regional Shari'a regulations in Indonesia.” In Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, edited by Fealy, Greg and White, Sally, 174–191. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bush, Robin. 2009. Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power Within Islam and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaplin, Chris. 2018. “Salafi Islamic piety as civic activism: Wahdah Islamiyah and differentiated citizenship in Indonesia.” Citizenship Studies 22(2): 208–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CNNIndonesia.com. 2016. Yogyakarta, Kota yang Makin Tidak Toleran [Yogyakarta: An Increasingly Intolerant City], August 10. Available at: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160808211440-20-150068/yogyakarta-kota-yang-makin-tak-toleran (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Coconut.co. 2016. MUI: UNDP's $8 Million Program to Protect LGBT Rights Will Destroy Indonesian Culture, 15 February. Available at: https://coconuts.co/jakarta/lifestyle/mui-undps-8-million-program-protect-lgbt-rights-aimed-destroying-indonesian-culture/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Eickelman, Dale F., and Anderson, John W., eds. 2003. New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Facal, Gabriel. 2019. “Islamic Defenders Front Militia (Front Pembela Islam) and its impact on growing religious intolerance in Indonesia.” TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. doi.org/10.1017/trn.2018.15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fealy, Greg. 2018a. Nahdlatul Ulama and the Politics Trap, New Mandala, 11 July. Available at: https://www.newmandala.org/nahdlatul-ulama-politics-trap/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Fealy, Greg. 2018b. Ma'ruf Amin: Jokowi's Islamic Defender or Deadweight? New Mandala, 28 August. Available at: https://www.newmandala.org/maruf-amin-jokowis-islamic-defender-deadweight/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Fossati, Diego, Foong, Hui Yew, and Negara, Siwage Dharma. 2017. “The Indonesian national survey project.” ISEAS Trends in Southeast Asia, Working Paper-10. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publishing. Available at: https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/TRS10_17%20(002).pdf (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Gordon, Jill. 1997. “John Stuart Mill and the ‘marketplace of ideas.’” Social Theory and Practice 23(2): 235–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadiz, Vedi. 2016. Islamic Populism in Indonesia and the Middle East. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadiz, Vedi. 2018. “Imagine all the people? Mobilizing Islamic populism for right-wing politics in Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48(2): 566–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamayotsu, Kikue. 2018. “Moderate-radical coalition in the name of Islam: Conservative Islamism in Indonesia and Malaysia.” Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 23. Kyoto, Japan: Center of Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. Available at: https://kyotoreview.org/issue-23/conservative-islamism-indonesia-malaysia/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 2000. Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 2011. “Where have all the Abangan gone? Religionization and the decline of non-standard Islam in contemporary Indonesia.” In The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali, edited by Picard, Michel and Madinier, Rémy, 71–90. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 2016. “Indonesia, Islam, and the new US administration.” The Review of Faith and International Affairs 14(2): 59–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hew, Wai Weng. 2018. “The art of Dakwah: Social media, visual persuasion, and the Islamist propagation of Felix Siauw.” Indonesia and the Malay World 46(134): 61–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoesterey, James Bourk. 2016. Rebranding Islam: Piety, Prosperity, and a Self-Help Guru. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kersten, Carool. 2015. Islam in Indonesia: The Contest for Society, Ideas, and Values. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kompas.com. 2016. Anies Anggap Dukungan dari Majelis Taklim DKI Amanah [Anies Considers Endorsement from Jakarta's Majelis Taklim as a Mandate], 6 October. Available at: https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2016/10/06/19052001/anies.anggap.dukungan.dari.majelis.taklim.dki.amanah (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Latif, Yudi. 2008. Indonesian Muslim Intelligentsia and Power. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukito, Ratno. 2016. “Islamisation as legal intolerance: The case of GARIS in Cianjur, West Java.” Al Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 54(2): 393–425.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Peter. 2007. “Globalization and the politics of knowledge: Pluralizing authority in the Muslim world.” Theory, Culture and Society 24(2): 101–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mecham, Quinn. 2017. Institutional Origins of Islamic Political Mobilization. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menchik, Jeremy. 2014. “Productive intolerance: Godly nationalism in Indonesia.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 56(3): 591–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menchik, Jeremy. 2016. Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mietzner, Marcus, and Burhanuddin, Muhtadi. 2018. “Explaining the 2016 Islamist mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious intolerance, militant groups, and the politics of accommodation.” Asian Studies Review 42(3): 479–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mietzner, Marcus, Muhtadi, Burhanuddin, and Halida, Rizkap. 2018. “Entrepreneurs of grievance: Drivers and effects of Indonesia's Islamist mobilization.” Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 174: 159–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miichi, Ken. 2019. “The political aspirations of the Shi'ites in Indonesia: Response to the Sampang incidents in 2011–12” (submitted as part of this special edition).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munabari, Fahlesa. 2017. “Reconciling Shari'a with ‘Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia’: The ideology and framing strategies of the Indonesian forum of Islamic society (FUI).” International Area Studies Review 20(3): 242–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munabari, Fahlesa. 2018. “The quest for Sharia in Indonesia: The mobilization strategy of the forum of Islamic society.” Contemporary Islam 12(3): 229–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Njoto-Feillard, Gwenael. 2015. “Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia in 2014: The political economy of discontent.” ISEAS Trends in Southeast Asia, Working Paper 18. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publishing. Available at: https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/TRS14_18.pdf. (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Osman, Mohamed Nawab Mohamed. 2010. “Reviving the Caliphate in the Nusantara: Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia's mobilization strategy and its impact in Indonesia.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22(4): 601–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osman, Mohamed Nawab Mohamed. 2018. Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia and Political Islam: Identity, Ideology, and Political Mobilization. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Daniel. 2018. Indonesia's Minority Report, New Mandala, February 14. Available at: https://www.newmandala.org/indonesias-minority-report/ (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Pisani, Elizabeth, and Michael, Buehler. 2017. “Why do Indonesian politicians promote Shari'a laws? An analytic framework for Muslim-majority democracies.” Third World Quarterly 38(3): 734–752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schäfer, Saskia. 2018. “Ahmadis or Indonesians? The polarization of post-reform public debates on Islam and orthodoxy.” Critical Asian Studies 50(1): 16–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebastian, Leonard C., and Nubowo, Andar. 2019. “The ‘conservative turn’ in Indonesian Islam: Implications for the 2019 presidential elections.” Asie Visions 106, March 19. Paris, France: Le Centre Asie, Institute Francais des Relations Internationales. Available at: https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/notes-de-lifri/asie-visions/conservative-turn-indonesian-islam-implications-2019 (accessed 26 June 2019).Google Scholar
Slama, Martin. 2017. “A subtle economy of time: Social media and the transformation of Indonesia's Islamic preacher economy.” Economic Anthropology 4: 94–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soedirgo, Jessica. 2018. “Informal networks and religious intolerance: How clientelism incentives the discrimination of the Ahmadiyah in Indonesia.” Citizenship Studies 22(2): 191–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparrow, Robert, and Goodin, Robert E.. 2001. “The competition of ideas: Market or garden?” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 4(2): 45–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tempo.com. 2018. Cara Sultan HB X Selesaikan Kasus Intoleransi di Yogya DiKritik [CSOs Criticized Sultan HB X's Method to Resolve Intolerance Cases in Yogya-], February 17 Available at: https://nasional (accessed 26 June 2019)..Google Scholar
van Bruinessen, Martin. 2013, ed. Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the “Conservative Turn.” Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Bruinessen, Martin. 2018. “Indonesian Muslims in a globalizing world: Westernization, Arabization, and Indigenizing responses.” RSIS Working Paper 311, May 3. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Available at: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/wp311-indonesian-muslims-in-a-globalising-world-westernisation-arabisation-and-indigenising-responses/ (accessed 26 July 2019).Google Scholar
Wanto, Adri, and Dinarto, Dedi. 2018. Indonesia's 2018 Regional Elections – Tanjung Pinang's Mayoral Election: The Role of Majelis Taklim, RSIS Commentary 18/109, June 27. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Available at: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/co18109-indonesias-2018-regional-elections-tanjung-pinangs-mayoral-election-the-role-of-majelis-taklim/ (accessed 26 July 2019).Google Scholar
Wilson, Ian D. 2015. The Politics of Protection Rackets in Post-New Order Indonesia: Coercive Capital, Authority, and Street Politics. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwicahyo, Satrio, undergraduate alumnus, Gadjah Mada University, interviewed 23 August 2017, Singapore.Google Scholar
Dwiyanto, , Vice Chairman of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), Pamekasan District, interviewed 14 October 2017, Pamekasan, East Java, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Inung, Ahmad. Lecturer, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University (UIN), interviewed 18 September 2018, Surabaya, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Jufri, Farhan, Lecturer, Muhammadiyah University Yogyakarta, interviewed 25 February 2018.Google Scholar
Mushofa, Nina, a female elder of the Al Falah Mosque, interviewed 12 October 2017, Surabaya, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Deputy Chairman, Nahdlatul Ulama Pamekasan District Branch, interviewed 14 October 2017, Pamekasan, East Java, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Anonymous interview with a former HTI campus da'wa member, Surabaya, Indonesia, 1 August 2017.Google Scholar
Anonymous interview with a former HTI campus da'wa member, Surabaya, Indonesia, 15 January 2018.Google Scholar