Presidential Address

C. H. Firth

doi:10.2307/3678434

Presidential Address

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009

C. H. Firth

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Information: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , Volume 11 , December 1917 , pp. 1 - 34

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3678434 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1917

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References

^{page 1 note 1} See Pauli, R.'s Bilder aus alt England, translated by E. C. Otté, pp. 89–116Google Scholar, England's earliest relations with. Austria and Prussia.

^{page 2 note 1} Pribram, , Oesterreichische Staatsverträge, i. 28, 83, 96.Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 2} Froude, , History of England, vi. 422Google Scholar. See, for the history of the negotiation, Wertheimer, E., Heirathsverhandlungen zwischen Elizabeth von England und Erzherzog Karl von Oesterreich, 1559–1561Google Scholar; Sybel, 's Historische Zeitschrift, N.F. iv, 385–432.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 1} Sanderson, , Life of James IGoogle Scholar, quoted by Mrs. Green, M. A. E. in her Life of Elizabeth of Bohemia, p. 133, ed. 1909Google Scholar; cf. also Transactions, 3rd Series, V. 49.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 2} The History of the Bohemian Persecution, 1650.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 3} Autobiography of Sir Simonas D'Ewes, ed. by Halliwell, , i, 371, 422.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 1} Angyul, D., Geschichte der politischen Beziehungen Siebenbürgens zu England, 1905Google Scholar; Firth, , Last Years of the Protectorate, ii. 244.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 2} Carlyle, 's Cromwell, Speech xvii.Google Scholar; Baillie, Robert, Letters, iii. 294.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 3} Pribram, A., Franz von Lisoia, pp. 302–460Google Scholar; Oesterreichische Staatsverträge, i. 144–8, 158.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 4} Ibid., i, 150, 158, 161; Brown, T., Miscellanea Aulica, 1702, pp. 65–107.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 5} Pribram, , Staatsverträge, i. 179.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 1} Pribram, , i. 177, 185.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 1} Coxe, , Shrewsbury Correspondence, p. 360.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 2} Pribram, , i. 210, 226.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 1} Letters on the Study of History, p. 73Google Scholar, cf. 81, 84; Swift, , Conduct of the Allies (Prose Works, ed. Scott, Temple), v. 91.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 2} Swift, , History of the Four Last Years of the QueenGoogle Scholar, ibid., x. 54, 77.

^{page 8 note 1} See Ward, A. W., Great Britain and Hanover, 1899, pp. 30, 83, 108, 112, 114.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 2} Mahon, , History of England, i. 306, 315, 319, 352.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 1} On the Ostend Company, see Herz, G. B., ‘England and the Ostend Company,’ Eng. Hist. Rev. xxii. 255CrossRef Google Scholar. On the dealings of the Emperor with the Jacobites, see Ward, , p. 126Google Scholar; Leadam, , Political History of England, vol. ix. p. 328Google Scholar; on Palm, see Mahon, , ii. 103.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 2} Leadam, , pp. 330, 338Google Scholar; Pribram, , i. 491.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 3} Ward, , pp. 118, 150, 135, 140.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 4} Mahon, , ii. 149.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 5} Mahon, , iii. 80.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 1} Lecky, , History of England, i. 393.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 2} Mahon, , iii. 82.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 3} Mahon, , iii. 125.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 4} Mahon, , iii. 136.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 5} Mahon, , iii. 144Google Scholar; Lecky, , i. 405.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 6} Mahon, , iii. 154Google Scholar; Pribram, , i. 597.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 7} Mahon, , iii. 160.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 8} Lecky, , i. 393, 402, 405.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 9} Mahon, , iii. 199Google Scholar; Lecky, , i. 419.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 10} Mahon, , iii. 200, 336.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 11} Mahon, , iii. 190.Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 1} Mahon, , iii. 345–7Google Scholar; Lecky, , i. 427–9Google Scholar; Coxe, , iii. 336, 340Google Scholar; see the comments of the de Broglie, Duc, La Paix d' Aix la Chapelle, pp. 121, 289.Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 2} Mahon, , iv. 78Google Scholar; Waddington, , Louis XV et le Renversement des Alliances, pp. 127–52, 221, 227, 285, 295, 233Google Scholar; Pribram, , ii. 129.Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 3} Malmesbury, , Diaries, ii. 219.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 1} See Sorel, , La Question d'Orient au XVIII siècle, pp. 109, 140, 176, 281, 297.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 2} Temperley, , Frederick the Great and the Kaiser Joseph II, 1915, pp. 64, 75, 98, 106, 189, 209.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 1} Political Memoranda of the Duke of Leeds, p. 113.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 2} Ibid., pp. 113–6; Stanhope, , Life of Pitt, i. 479.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 3} Malmesbury, , Diaries, ii. 211.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 1} Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. M. Keith, ii. 209, 266, 282Google Scholar; Rose, , Pitt and National Revival, pp. 513–20, 534.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 1} Pribram, , ii, 171–94.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 2} Pribram, , ii, 217, 235, 275.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 1} Fortescue, , History of the British Army, iv. 271, 290.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 2} Dropmore Papers, iii. 173Google Scholar; Pribram, , ii. 270.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 3} Sorel, , L'Europe et la Revolution Française, iv. 193, 447.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 1} Sorel, , v. 403Google Scholar; vi. 37; Dropmore Papers, v. 235, 331.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 2} Rose, , Pitt and Napoleon, p. 265.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 3} Rose, , William Pitt, ii. 371, 378Google Scholar; cf. Fyffe, , Modern Europe, ed. 1895, pp. 125–8Google Scholar. For an account of Minto's mission and extracts from his correspondence, see Life and Letters of the First Earl of Minio, iii. 68–223, and especially pp. 95, 132.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 1} Pribram, , ii. 382.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 2} For an account of his mission, see The Paget Papers, ed. SirPaget, Augustus, 1896, ii. 1–277Google Scholar. ‘His despatches are by no means deficient in ability; but an arrogant temper and offensive manners seem to have made him generally obnoxious at every foreign court to which he was accredited’ (Fitzpatrick, , Introduction to vol. vii. of the Dropmore Papers, p. 49).Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 3} For the negotiations, see Rose, J. H., Select Despatches relating to the Third Coalition, 1904Google Scholar; and Pribram, , ii. 407, 439, 446.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 1} Fortescue, , v. 285–300.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 1} Adair, , Historical Memoir of a Mission to the Court of Vienna, 1806 (1844), pp. 13, 17, 163.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 2} Rose, , Napoleon, ii. 126.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 3} Pribram, , ii. 495–501.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 4} Pribram, , ii. 517.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 1} Sorel, , vii. 331.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 2} Pribram, , ii. 534–50Google Scholar; Sorel, , viii. 188Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 1} The Earl of Aberdeen, by SirGordon, A, 1893, p. 47.Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 2} Castlereagh Correspondence, x. 173.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 1} Castlereagh Correspondence, x. 10, 18.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 2} Ibid., x. 175.

^{page 24 note 1} Temperley, , Life of Canning, pp. 204, 212.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 1} Bourgeois, , Manuel Historique de Politique Étrangère, iii. 79Google Scholar; Metternich, , Memoirs, v. 37–51.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 2} Ashley, , Life of Palmerston, i. 298, 344.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 3} Ashley, , i. 309, 168, 453, ii. 87Google Scholar; Metternich, , Memoirs, v. 643Google Scholar. Aberdeen, who preceded and followed Palmerston as Foreign Secretary, was generally regarded as Austrian in his sympathies (Ashley, , i. 168Google Scholar; ii. 99).

^{page 25 note 4} Ashley, , ii. 31.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 5} Ibid., ii. 5–10.

^{page 25 note 6} Ibid., i. 295, 299, 326; ii. 12, 43, 56, 83.

^{page 26 note 1} Ashley, , ii. 63.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 2} Ibid., ii. 106, 122.

^{page 26 note 3} Ashley, , ii. 122, 169, 183Google Scholar; Letters of Queen Victoria, ii. 267Google Scholar. There is a street-song of the period, entitled ‘General Haynau,’ describing the incident. He was mobbed, it says: ‘To show how we loved such a brute, Who women flogged and men did shoot, For trying tyranny to uproot.’

^{page 26 note 4} The English Court was much afflicted by the ill-feeling which manifested itself in various ways on the part of the Austrian Government, and blamed Palmerston for its existence. Nevertheless, the Queen was in no way disposed to abandon the defence of constitutionalism in order to please the absolutist powers. She wrote to Lord Derby on March 12, 1852: ‘The despatches from Prince Schwartzenberg to Count Buol are satisfactory in one sense, as showing a readiness to return to the English alliance, but unfortunately only under the supposition that we would make war upon liberty together; they exhibit a profound ignorance of this country. The Queen is quite sure that Lord Derby will know how to accept all that is favourable in the Austrian overtures without letting it be supposed that we could for a moment think of joining in the policy pursued at this moment by the great Continental Powers’ (Letters of Queen Victoria, ii. 380).Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 1} Ashley, , ii. 83, 87, 88, 91, 371.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 2} Ashley, , ii. 64, 82.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 3} Ashley, , i. 346, 382.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 1} Ashley, , ii. 276, 288, 299, 311, 316, 324Google Scholar; Fyffe, , Modern Europe, pp. 838, 852Google Scholar; Bourgeois, , iii. 392, 403Google Scholar; Walpole, , v. 90, 101, 129, 135.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 2} Ashley, , ii. 288.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 3} Ashley, , i. 355, 361Google Scholar; ii. 287.

^{page 29 note 1} Walpole, , History of Twenty-five Years, i. 24.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 2} Ringhoffer, , The Sernstorff Papers, ii. 74.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 3} Memoirs of an Ex-Minister, pp. 457, 488.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 1} Mr. E. A. Freeman's Essay on Frederick Barbarossa ends with a passage illustrating the feelings of English Liberals in 1861, and the historian's own view of the Austrian state. ‘One of the very strangest notions is that “Austria” is an ancient, venerable, conservative power. History pronounces it to be modern, upstart, and revolutionary—a power which has risen to a guilty greatness by trampling on every historic right and every national memory. The so-called “Empire” of Austria—a lover of old German history almost shrinks from writing the hateful title—is a mere creation of yesterday, a mere collection of plunder from various quarters. Hungary and Bohemia were once elective kingdoms; Galicia was rent from unhappy Poland by the basest of treachery and ingratitude; Venice and Ragusa were independent commonwealths within the memory of man; the liberties of Cracow have been trampled to the earth before our own eyes. What has such a power as this in common with the old days of great and united Germany? What is its “Imperial” master but a mere impostor, a bastard Caesar, a profane mockery of the glories of Charles and Otto and Henry and Frederick?’ (Freeman, , Historical Essays, p. 281).Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 1} Maxwell, , Life of the Fourth Earl of Clarendon, ii. 311, 323Google Scholar; Bernstorff Papers, ii. 237–44.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 2} Wemyss, , Memoirs of Sir Robert Marier, ii. 2–17, 107.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 1} Fitzmaurice, , Life of Granville, ii. 211.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 2} Ibid., ii. 201, 206, 211. ‘You are more afraid of Austria; I of Russia,’ wrote Granville to Gladstone in 10 1883Google Scholar; ibid., ii. 277.

^{page 32 note 3} Cf. Lémonon, , L'Europe et la Politique Britannique, 1910, pp. 35, 183, 451.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 1} Churchill, W., Life of Lord Randolph Churchill, ii, 167Google Scholar; Dilke, , Present Position of European Politics, 1887, pp. 185, 221.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 2} Cf. Seton-Watson, , Racial Problems in Hungary, 1908.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 3} Cf. Steed, Wickham, The Hapsburg Monarchy, 1914, p. 224Google Scholar; Lémonon, , p. 461, and pp. 451–4Google Scholar of the revised edition of 1912.

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