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The Reign of Charles I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2009

C. H. Firth
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Extract

The reign of Charles I opened with the celebration of the new king's marriage. Charles succeeded his father on March 27, 1625, and Henrietta Maria made her entry into London on June 16. A ballad entitled ‘Jack of Lent's Ballad’ celebrated the Queen's coming, and described by anticipation the pageants with which the citizens of London received her. In one place she was to be met by St. George with a welcome to St. Denis; in another Jonah was to appear out of the mouth of his whale and promise to supply her with fish on Fridays; elsewhere the Graces and the Fates were to hail her with appropriate remarks about her beauty and her good fortune. Besides these there was to be a figure symbolising the political significance of the marriage. At the Exchange, beside the three Fates,

‘Spain's Infanta shall stand by Wringing her hands, and thus shall cry, “I do repent too late.”’

Type
Research Article
Information
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , Volume 6 , December 1912 , pp. 19 - 64
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1912

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References

page 19 note 1 Choice Drollery, ed. Ebsworth, 1656, p. 20.Google Scholar

page 20 note 1 Roxburghe Ballads, vi. 420.Google Scholar

page 20 note 2 MS. Rawlinson Poet., 160, f. 183.Google Scholar It begins, ‘Phœbus fiery hot and weary.’

page 20 note 3 Old Ballads, 1723–1725, iii. 193.Google Scholar The song ends with a verse on ‘young Lord Wenman so valiant and bold’ who has gone off to fight in the wars of Bohemia. I take this verse to have been added about 1620, when Sir Horace Vere set out to the defence of the Palatinate.

page 21 note 1 New Academy of Compliments, ed. 1713, pp. 239, 242Google Scholar; 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. pt. ix. p. 549.Google Scholar

See Transactions, 3rd Ser. iii. 110.Google Scholar

Roxburghe Ballads, vi. 428.Google Scholar

page 22 note 1 Poems and Songs relating to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and his Assassination by John Felton, edited by Fairholt, F. W., Percy Society, 1850.Google Scholar

page 22 note 2 Fairholt, , pp. 6, 9.Google Scholar

page 22 note 3 Ibid. pp. 10–18.

page 22 note 4 Ibid. p. 19. See also Diary of John Rous, p. 19.Google Scholar

page 22 note 5 Fairholt, , pp. 24–32.Google Scholar The verses attributed to Dr. Corbett beginning ‘The wisest king did wonder’ refer to the second session of the Parliament of 1628 rather than the first. This is confirmed by their position in Rous's Diary, where they appear under 08 1629, p. 42.Google Scholar

page 23 note 1 Pepysian Collection. The ballad is signed M. P., i.e. Martin Parker.

page 24 note 1 The best is Townley, Zouch's poem ‘To his confined Friend, Mr. Felton.’Google ScholarFairholt, , p. 74.Google Scholar It is also reprinted in Disraeli's Curiosities of Literature.

page 24 note 2 Lemon, , Catalogue of Broadsides in the Possession of the Society of Antiquaries.Google Scholar

page 24 note 3 Pepysian Collection. For English feeling about Rochelle, see Diary of Sir S. D'Ewes, i. 361, 391, 395.Google Scholar

page 24 note 4 Treaty of Susa, 04 14, 1629.Google ScholarTreaty of Madrid, 11 5, 1630.Google Scholar

page 24 note 5 Clarendon, , Rebellion, i. 159.Google Scholar

page 25 note 1 Diary of Sir S. D'Ewes, i. 349, 395Google Scholar; ii. 2, 57, 83, 100; iii. 128; Forster, , Life of Eliot, ii.Google Scholar

page 25 note 2 Randolph's Poems, ed. Hazlitt, , p. 594Google Scholar; King's Poems, ed. Hannah, p. 66Google Scholar; Carew's Poems, ed. Ebsworth, p. 114Google Scholar; Diary of John Rous, p. 73Google Scholar; Fanshawe's Poems, p. 210, ed. 1676Google Scholar; Russell, John, The Two Famous Pitcht Battels of Lypsich and Lutzen, etc., 1634.Google Scholar

page 25 note 3 ‘News from Sweathland,’ 11 4, 1631Google Scholar; ‘Good News from Bohemia,’ 01 2, 1632Google Scholar; ‘A Great and Bloody Fight,’ ibid.; ‘The Palatinate's Joy,’ 03 9, 1632Google Scholar; ‘News from the King of Sweden,’ 08 3, 1632Google Scholar; ‘A Mournful Lamentation on the Death of the King of Sweden,’ Arber, iv. 229, 268, 274, 282, 299Google Scholar; ‘The Complaint of Germany,’ 02 7, 1638Google Scholar; ‘Germany's Misery,’ 04 9, 1638Google Scholar; ibid. iv. 408, 415.

page 25 note 4 Roxburghe Ballads, i. 109.Google Scholar

page 26 note 1 ‘It is bad jesting with a Halter’ (Pepysian Collection, i. 440).Google Scholar

page 26 note 2 Pepysian Collection, i. 74.Google Scholar

page 27 note 1 Ballads and Other Fugitive Poetical Pieces from the Collections of Sir James Balfour, Edinburgh, 1834, p. 8.Google Scholar

page 27 note 2 Wood, , 401 (157).Google Scholar

page 27 note 3 ‘Blue Cap for Me’ (Roxburghe Ballads, i. 75).Google Scholar For the lost ballads see Stationers' Registers, iv. 270–274, 289.Google Scholar

page 27 note 4 ‘The honour of the Inns of Court,’ 1633Google Scholar (Collier, , Broadside Black-letter Ballads, p. 112)Google Scholar; ‘The Triumphant Show made by Earl Percy,’ 1635Google Scholar (Roxburghe Ballads, iii. 220).Google Scholar

page 27 note 5 ‘A Warning for Wives’ (Pepysian Collection, i. 118).Google Scholar There are also ballads on two other wives who murdered their husbands, Alice Davis and Anne Waller, in this collection, i. 122, 124. For other ballads on the murders of this period see Roxburghe Ballads, vol. iii. 28, 136, 143, 146, 149, 154.Google Scholar

page 28 note 1 Naval Songs and Ballads, 1908, pp. 40–46Google Scholar; Roxburghe Ballads, vi. 432.Google Scholar

page 29 note 1 Roxburghe Ballads, iii. 333.Google Scholar Cf. Strafford Papers, ii.Google Scholar

page 29 note 2 Nichols, , Progresses of James I, iii. 268, 276Google Scholar; iv. 782, 842. Court and Times of James I, i. 353Google Scholar; ii. 358, 383. The King himself is said to have written some verses on the subject. Ibid. ii. 364.

page 29 note 3 Gardiner, , History of England, vii. 240Google Scholar; Rymer, , xix. 374Google Scholar; Rushworth, , ii. 144, 288Google Scholar; D'Ewes, , Autobiography, ii. 78.Google Scholar See also Fanshawe, , Pastor Fido and Other Poems, 1676, p. 211.Google Scholar

page 29 note 4 Roxburghe Ballads, i. 154.Google Scholar

page 30 note 1 Roxburghe Ballads, ii. 132.Google Scholar

page 30 note 2 ‘Old Courtier’ (Roxburghe Ballads, vi. 756).Google Scholar Mr. Ebsworth says the earliest printed copy is of the date of 1660, but the song is certainly a generation older.

page 30 note 3 Bodleian Library: Rawlinson, 4 to, 566 (146).Google Scholar

page 31 note 1 Bodleian Library: Wood, 401 (161).Google Scholar

page 31 note 2 Pepysian Collection, i. 148.Google Scholar

page 31 note 3 ‘The Powtes Complaint’ (Dugdale, , History of Embanking, p. 391)Google Scholar; cf. Gardiner, , History of England, viii. 294.Google Scholar

page 32 note 1 Cromwell's intervention is discussed by Mr. Gardiner in a note (History of England, viii. 297)Google Scholar, but two pieces of evidence were then unknown to him. They are as follows: ‘It was commonly reported,’ says a letter, ‘by the commoners in Ely Fens and the Fens adjoining, that Mr. Cromwell of Ely had undertaken, they paying him a groat for every cow they had upon the commons, to hold the drainers in suit of law for five years, and that in the mean time they should enjoy every foot of their commons.’ Cal. S. P. Dom. 1631–1632, p. 501.Google Scholar The second is a letter from Sir William Killigrew to Captain Adam Baynes, June 25, 1653: ‘I am told that my Lord General Cromwell should say, the draining of the Fens was a good work, but that the drainers had too great a proportion of land for their hazard and charges, and that the poor were not enough provided for, and that the drainers did not pay for the land they had cut through.’ Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 1st series, iii. 258.Google Scholar

page 33 note 1 Henry IV, Act II, Scene ii. 249.Google Scholar

page 33 note 2 Rushworth, , vol. iii., Appendix, p. 6.Google Scholar See also vol. ii. p. 202.

page 33 note 3 Ibid. p. 47; ‘Star Chamber Cases’ (Camden Society).

page 34 note 1 Roxburghe Ballads, vii. 213Google Scholar; Percy's Reliques, ed. Wheatley, iii. 333.Google Scholar This ballad was long reprinted as a chap-book. I have a copy entitled ‘The Wife of Beith revived once more,’ with the imprint ‘Moscow: Printed for the Cossacks.’ It is really an adaptation of the French fabliau ‘Du Vilain qui conquist Paradis par plait.’

page 34 note 2 Cases in the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission, ed. by Gardiner, S. R., p. 314.Google Scholar

page 35 note 1 Diary of John Rous, incumbent of Santon Downham, Suffolk. Edited by Green, M. A. E., Camden Society, 1856, p. 79.Google Scholar

page 35 note 2 Corbett's Poems, ed. Gilchrist, , p. 105.Google Scholar Written probably in the time of James I.

page 35 note 3 Randolph's Poems, ed. W. C. Hazlitt, ii. 622.Google Scholar

page 35 note 4 Cf. Corbett's Poems, ed. Gilchrist, p. 235Google Scholar; Cleveland's Poems, ed. 1686, p. 316Google Scholar; Wit Restored, p. 186.Google Scholar

page 35 note 5 Cleveland's Poems, ed. 1687, p. 355.Google Scholar (It is here entitled ‘The Puritan’ and was written, I should say, between 1630 and 1640.)

page 35 note 6 ‘The Way to woo a zealous Lady’ (Rump Songs, i. 194Google Scholar; Merry Drollery, p. 77).Google Scholar See also ‘The Ballad of a Puritan,’ p. 35Google Scholar of the supplement of Loose and Humorous Songs from Bishop Percy's Folio MS.

page 36 note 1 Corbett's Poems, ed. Gilchrist, p. 243Google Scholar; Percy's Reliques, ed. Wheatley, ii. 347Google Scholar, I have changed the order of the verses.

page 37 note 1 Tanner MS. 306, p. 286Google Scholar; Ebsworth, , Merry Drollery, 1661, p. 243.Google Scholar

page 38 note 1 There are four more verses. The only extant version is in The Rump, or an Exact Collection of the Choicest Poems and Songs relating to the Late Times, 1662, p. 1.Google Scholar The ‘Friendly Invitation’ was entered in the Stationers' Registers under 03 20, 1638–1639.Google Scholar

page 38 note 2 Diary of John Rous, p. 78.Google Scholar This appears to be an answer to ‘The Town's New Teacher’; and, like it, was apparently suggested by the ‘New Courtier of the King.’ See also pp. 83, 109.Google Scholar

page 39 note 1 I have altered ‘see’ to ‘spy’ and ‘courts’ to ‘curse’ for the sake of the rhyme.

page 40 note 1 Sherburn Ballads, p. 306.Google Scholar ‘The Devil and the Parator’ is enumerated amongst the transfers registered December 14, 1624, and June 1, 1629.

page 40 note 2 There is another ballad on the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, entitled ‘Penance,’ in which two sisters set forth their fears ‘Lest they do penance in a sheet, and pay their money too.’ Merry Drollery, ed. Ebsworth, p. 176.Google Scholar For pamphlets and caricatures against the ecclesiastical courts, see the British Museum Catalogue of Satirical Prints, pp. 151–156.Google Scholar Cf. Transactions, 3rd series, i. 262.Google Scholar

page 40 note 3 April 25, 1639, ‘A willing subject or the soldier's resolution’; 05 24Google Scholar, ‘The Warr's Cruelty’; 05 29Google Scholar, ‘Newes from the North’; 07 23Google Scholar, ‘The Duty of all loyal subjects’; 08 6Google Scholar, ‘England's rejoicing for the safe return of our royal king’; 12 4Google Scholar, ‘A true subject's Welcome’; 12 4Google Scholar, ‘A loyal subject's Wellwishing’; 12 11Google Scholar, ‘Tom's return from Scotland.’ In a small collection of ballads from the collections of Sir James Balfour, printed in 1834, there are a few poems and ballads, mostly printed in Scotland and taking the side of the Scots. They belong to 1640, as a rule, but one of them, entitled ‘An English Challenge and Reply from Scotland,’ is an English ballad with an answer to every verse added to the original text. The English ballad seems to me to be the ‘Soldier's Resolution’ mentioned above.

page 41 note 1 Bodleian Library: Wood, 401 (140).Google Scholar

page 42 note 1 These three ballads are in Anthony Wood's collection in the Bodleian. Wood, 401, numbers 132, 134, 141. They are reprinted in an article on ‘Ballads on the Bishops' Wars,’ in the Scottish Historical Review for 04 1906.Google Scholar

page 42 note 2 ‘A New Carroll,’ compiled by a burgess of Perth, is reprinted in the Scottish Historical Review for 07 1912, p. 363.Google Scholar See, for a sequel, Maidment, 's Book of Scottish Pasquils, p. xvii.Google Scholar

page 42 note 3 There are two versions in print: Diary of John Rous, p. 110Google Scholar; Ballads from the Collections of Sir James Balfour, p. 36.Google ScholarMaidment, 's Book of Scottish Pasquils, p. 106Google Scholar, contains another ballad of the same kind.

page 42 note 4 See the British Museum Catalogue of Satirical Prints, i. 192–204.Google Scholar

page 43 note 1 ‘The Bishop's Bridle.’ See also ‘The Lofty Bishop and the Lazy Brownist’ (Roxburghe Ballads, vii. 609).Google Scholar

page 43 note 2 ‘The Organ's Echo’ (Roxburghe Ballads, vii. 612).Google Scholar

page 44 note 1 A ballad called ‘Will and Tom’ amongst the Domestic State Papers of Charles I, vol. 487, No. 48.Google Scholar Other satirical compositions are noticed in the British Museum Catalogue of Satirical Prints, i. 139, 147, 149.Google Scholar

page 44 note 2 Cleveland, 's Poems, p. 184, ed. 1687Google Scholar, on the Earl of Strafford's trial.

page 44 note 3 Denham, 's Poems, p. 65, ed. 1671.Google Scholar

page 44 note 4 Fanshawe, 's Pastor Fido with the addition of divers other poems, 1676, p. 302Google Scholar and perhaps p. 266.

page 44 note 5 Ballads from the Collections of Sir James Balfour, p. 40.Google Scholar

page 44 note 6 ‘The Lieutenant's Lacrimæ’ (Somers Tracts, iv. 284–7).Google Scholar

page 45 note 1 ‘The Bishops' Last Good Night,’ cf. Catalogue of Satirical Prints, i. 166.Google Scholar

page 45 note 2 ‘The Organ's Funeral’ (Roxburghe Ballads, vii. 614).Google Scholar

page 45 note 3 ‘Alas, Poor Scholar,’ by DrWild, Robert (Roxburghe Ballads, vi. 456).Google Scholar See also Diary of John Rous, p. 115.Google Scholar

page 46 note 1 Thomason Tracts, 669, p. 4 (22).Google Scholar

page 46 note 2 Luttrell Collection, vol. ii. 221.Google Scholar

page 47 note 1 ‘Upon the King's Return to London’ (Dryden, 's Miscellany Poems, vi. 383, ed. 1716).Google Scholar See Gardiner, 's History of England, x. 84–5.Google Scholar

page 47 note 2 ‘The Five Members' Thanks to the Parliament’ (Rump Songs, i. 58).Google Scholar

page 47 note 3 Rump Songs, i. 64.Google Scholar

page 48 note 1 Rump Songs, i. 7Google Scholar; see also pp. 3, 18, 21, 32, 33, 37, 49, 50, 68, 79, 93, 95, 131.

page 48 note 2 ‘The Penitent Traitor.’ There are two versions of this ballad; one is given in Rump Songs, i. 53; the other is in Wright, 's Political Ballads, p. 30Google Scholar, and though apparently not printed till 1647, was evidently written in 1642 or 1643.

page 48 note 3 Cf. ‘The Old Earl of Bristol's verses on an Accommodation’ (Rump Songs, p. 63)Google Scholar; Diary of John Rous, i. 124.Google Scholar

page 49 note 1 Rump Songs, i. 88.Google Scholar

page 49 note 2 ‘Colonel Venne's Encouragement to his Soldiers’ (Rump Songs, i. 149Google Scholar; Brome, Alexander's Poems, p. 162).Google Scholar

page 49 note 3 For instance, ‘An Encouragement to Warre or Bellum Parliamentare,’ by John Ward.

page 50 note 1 By Starbuck, William: British Museum, 669, f. 8 (47).Google Scholar

page 50 note 2 ProfessorMorley, Henry reprints in The King and the Commons, 1868Google Scholar, two specimens of Wither's which are better than the rest.

page 50 note 3 Bishop Percy's Folio MS., ed. Hales and Furnivall, ii. 39Google Scholar; Oxford Drollery, p. 121.Google Scholar

page 50 note 4 Rump Songs, i. 153.Google Scholar See Gardiner, 's Great Civil War, i. 30.Google Scholar

page 50 note 5 Rump Songs, pp. 134, 152Google Scholar; see Gardiner, , i. 136, 169Google Scholar; Denham, 's Poems, pp. 105, 107.Google Scholar

page 50 note 6 See ‘Newark’ in Bishop Percy's Folio MS. ii. 33Google Scholar, and for the ‘Song on the Siege of Hereford,’ Ashmolean MS. xxxvi. 226.Google Scholar Part of the latter is printed in the article on ‘Ballads illustrating the Relations of England and Scotland during the seventeenth century,’ published in the Scottish Historical Review for 01 1909 (p. 117).Google Scholar

page 51 note 1 Roxburghe Ballads, vi. 281.Google Scholar

page 51 note 2 Roxburghe Ballads, viii.; preface, p. xxiii.***Google Scholar

page 52 note 1 ‘Mr. Hampden's Speech against Peace at the Close Committee’ (Rump Songs, p. 9)Google Scholar; ‘The sense of the House’ (ibid. p. 9); ‘The Sence of the Oxford Junto’ (British Museum, 669Google Scholar, f. 6, numbers 117, 122, and 669, f. 10 (20)).

page 52 note 2 See Rump Songs, i. 71.Google Scholar

page 52 note 3 ‘A Prognostication on Will Laud, late Archbishop of Canterbury’ (Wilkins, , Political Ballads, i. 13).Google Scholar See also Catalogue of Satirical Prints, pp. 288–301.Google Scholar

page 52 note 4 ‘The Downfall of Cheapside Cross’; ‘A Vindication of Cheapside Cross against the Roundheads’ (Rump Songs, i. pp. 138, 140).Google Scholar See also Catalogue of Satirical Prints, i. 221, 262.Google Scholar

page 52 note 5 Percy's Reliques, ed. Wheatley, ii. 323.Google Scholar

page 53 note 1 ‘Westminster College; or, England's Complaint against those that sit in the chamber called Jerusalem’ (British Museum, 669, f. 11 (88))Google Scholar; ‘The Mixt Assembly’; ‘The Hue and Cry after Sir John Presbyter’ (Rump Songs, i. 192Google Scholar; Cleveland, 's Poems, pp. 30, 32)Google Scholar; ‘The Ghost of Sir John Presbyter’ (Catalogue of Satirical Prints, i. 383, 389)Google Scholar; ‘The Assembly Man’ (Somers Tracts, v. 487)Google Scholar; ‘The Four-legged Elder’ (Rump Songs, i. 350).Google Scholar

Edwards, , Gangraena, pt. iii. p. 230, 1646.Google Scholar

page 55 note 1 ‘A Justification of the Synod of Sion College’ (Wright, 's Political Ballads, p. 76).Google Scholar

page 55 note 2 See Cleveland, 's ‘Rebel Scot’ and ‘The Scot's Apostacy’Google Scholar (Poems, pp. 37, 182, 340)Google Scholar; ‘The Committee-man's Complaint’ (Wright, , Political Ballads, p. 60)Google Scholar; ‘The Scot's Arrears’ (Rump Songs, i. 222)Google Scholar; ‘A Justification of our Brethren of Scotland’ (British Museum, 669Google Scholar, f. 11 (77)); ‘Judas justified’ (ibid. 669, f. 11 (103)).

page 55 note 3 There are a certain number of poems and ballads on the soldiers. See the ‘Mercenary Soldier’ (04 1646Google Scholar: British Museum, 669, f. 10 (49))Google Scholar; ‘The Zealous Soldier’ (ibid. 669, f. 10 (50)); ‘The Soldier's Sad Complaint’ (July 1647: ibid. 669, f. 11 (48)); ‘Ireland's Complaint of the Army's Hypocrisy’ (September 1647: ibid. 669, f. 11 (85)).

page 56 note 1 Wood, , 416, No. 7.Google Scholar

page 56 note 2 See, for instance, Rump Songs, i. 114.Google Scholar

page 57 note 1 Bodleian Library; MS. Rawlinson Poet. 246, p. 30b.Google Scholar

page 57 note 2 ‘A la Mode: the City's profound policy in delivering themselves, etc.’ See also ‘The City's Thanks to Southwark,’ ‘The Braggadocia Soldier and the Civil Citizen’ (Wright, , Political Ballads, pp. 64, 70, 85)Google Scholar; ‘The City's Welcome to Colonel Rich and Colonel Baxter’ (British Museum, 669Google Scholar, f. 11 122)); ‘The City Asse’; ‘Troynovant must not be Burnt’ (669, f. 12 (21)).Google Scholar

page 57 note 3 ‘The City's Loyalty to the King’ (Wright, , Political Ballads, p. 42).Google Scholar

page 58 note 1 Rump Songs, i. p. 245Google Scholar; Brome, Alexander's Poems, p. 145.Google Scholar Compare ‘Black Tom's Speech’ (British Museum, 669, f. 11 (84)).Google Scholar

page 58 note 2 Wilkins, , Political Ballads, vol. i. p. 10Google Scholar; Roxburghe Ballads, vii. 633, 682.Google Scholar

page 59 note 1 ‘Upon the Meeting of the King and Queen upon Edgehill’ (Ashmole MS. 36)Google Scholar; ‘The King's Disguise (Rump Songs, i. p. 211Google Scholar; Cleveland, 's Poems, p. 46)Google Scholar; ‘A Satire Occasioned by the Author's Survey of a Scandalous Pamphlet entitled, “The King's Cabinet Opened”’ (Rump Songs, i. p. 169).Google Scholar

page 59 note 2 ‘Upon His Majesty's Coming to Holmby’ (Wilkins, , Political Ballads, i. 38).Google Scholar

page 60 note 1 Gardiner, , History of England, iii. 310.Google Scholar

page 60 note 2 Burnet, , Lives of the Hamiltons, p. 483, ed. 1852.Google Scholar

page 61 note 1 According to Burnet these lines were written when the King was at Carisbrooke Castle, but from the allusion to his trial they must have been Written later. A broadside copy is in the Roxburghe Ballads (vi. 619)Google Scholar, but Undated.

page 63 note 1 ‘The Anarchie; or, the blest Reformation since 1640.’ There are two editions, one dated January 11, 1648, the other October 24, 1648. It is reprinted in Wright, 's Political Ballads, p. 112Google Scholar, in Wilkins, 's Political Ballads, i. p. 32Google Scholar; and in Rump Songs, i. 291.Google Scholar

page 63 note 2 ‘The Piteous Moans of the Prisoners lately taken at Colchester’ (British Museum, E. 470 (9))Google Scholar; ‘A letter from Colchester relating their Diet’ (MS. Rawlinson Poet. xxvi. p. 21).Google Scholar

page 63 note 3 Rump Songs, i. 248.Google Scholar

page 63 note 4 See Roxburghe Ballads, vol. vii.Google Scholar Preface, p. xc***. This ballad so far as it goes does attempt to summarise what the King said. There is in the same series, vii. 626, another ballad called ‘The King's Last Speech,’ which begins ‘I come, my blessed Saviour.’ It is a poor composition, in no way reproducing the King's real words.

page 64 note 1 ‘The Manner of the King's Trial’ (Roxburghe Ballads, vii. 622).Google Scholar It begins, ‘King Charles was once a King of great state.’

page 64 note 2 ‘England's Black Tribunal; or, King Charles' Martyrdom’ (Douce Ballads, iii. 25.Google Scholar Bodleian Library). There is also a ballad called ‘Tyrant's Triumphant; or, the High Court of State,’ which is to be found only in the Chetham Library. It consists of a list of the King's judges and characters of them.

page 64 note 3 Roxburghe Ballads, v. 543.Google Scholar