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Testing the Boundaries of Subnational Diplomacy: The International Climate Action of Local and Regional Governments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2015

Joana Setzer
Joana Setzer*
Affiliation:
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), London (United Kingdom). Email: j.setzer@lse.ac.uk.
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Abstract

Since the 1990s, a number of local and regional governments around the world have started to engage in a real international or ‘paradiplomatic’ climate agenda. While the multilevel governance approach has advanced the examination of the actors and levels involved in climate governance, there is within this body of literature a limited consideration of the legal capacity of non-state actors to act across scales. This article addresses this gap and examines the potential limitations imposed on subnational diplomacy by international and domestic legal orders. The article draws upon the example of Brazil where, despite constitutional limitations on the involvement of subnational governments in international relations, paradiplomacy has been termed ‘federative diplomacy’ and institutionalized within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and within the Presidency of the Republic. The article shows that the diplomatic activity of local and regional governments is still constrained by international and domestic legal frameworks. If cities and regions are to help in addressing the inadequacies of the international climate regime, then domestic and international legal frameworks will need to further accommodate subnational diplomatic activities.

Keywords

Subnational diplomacyParadiplomacyClimate changeMultilevel governanceTransnational networksBrazil
Type
Articles
Information
Transnational Environmental Law , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , October 2015 , pp. 319 - 337
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2015 

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Footnotes

I am grateful for the constructive feedback by two anonymous reviewers for this journal on earlier versions of this article.

References

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63 California EPA, ‘Auction and Reserve Sale Information’, last updated 23 Feb. 2015, available at: http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/auction.htm.

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66 See http://www.uclg.org.

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68 N. 23 above.

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73 Ibid., Art. 84(VII).

74 Ibid., Art. 84(VIII).

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80 Decree 6,207, of 16 Sept. 2007. Art. 7 establishes the attributions of the Division for Federative Affairs. It revokes Decree 5,526, of 26 Aug. 2005, which in turn revoked Decree 4,968, of 30 Jan. 2004.

81 SAF, ‘A cooperação internacional federativa da Subchefia de Assuntos Federativos’, available at: http://www.portalfederativo.gov.br/bin/view/Inicio/CooperacaoInternacionalFederativa.

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83 26 out of the 27 governments, according to Tavares, n. 77 above, at p. 175.

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87 See Andrade e Barros, n. 84 above.

88 Decree 57.932, of 2 Apr. 2012, available at: http://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/decreto/2012/decreto-57932-02.04.2012.html.

89 REDD+ is a mechanism for encouraging forest conservation and cultivation in developing countries, using funding from the developed world. REDD+ assigns financial value to carbon stored within forest resources, to make local preservation efforts eligible for foreign financing, including voluntary investment and offset credits generated through foreign carbon markets. The REDD+ terminology and concept originate from a 2005 proposal to the UN by the governments of Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica, in response to the Kyoto Protocol’s (n. 51 above) lack of mechanism to reduce deforestation emissions. The ‘+’ in REDD+ indicates the last category of strategies, which includes conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. For more information on REDD+ and the California REDD+ experience see J. Lueders et al., ‘The California REDD+ Experience: The Ongoing Political History of California’s Initiative to Include Jurisdictional REDD+ Offsets within its Cap-and-Trade System’, Center for Global Development Working Paper 386, Nov. 2014, available at: http://www.cgdev.org/publication/california-redd-experience-ongoing-political-history-californias-initiative-include.

90 The GCF has been working since 2009 to advance jurisdictional programmes to reduce emissions from deforestation and land use, and to link these activities to emerging GHG compliance regimes and other pay-for-performance opportunities. Based on their experience in the GCF, in 2010 the states of California (US), Acre (Brazil), and Chiapas (Mexico) signed a separate MOU. Their aim was to cooperate more closely on the technical, legal, and institutional design issues associated with the effort to link state REDD+ programmes with California’s cap-and-trade programme. See the working group report, Evan Johnson (ed.), ‘California, Acre and Chiapas: Partnering to Reduce Emissions from Tropical Deforestation’, July 2013, available at: http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=9893&Itemid=53. On the California-Acre process see also E. Roessing Neto, ‘Linking Subnational Climate Change Policies: A Commentary on the California-Acre Process’ (2015) 4(2) Transnational Environmental Law (forthcoming).

91 Transcript of an interview with the author, Dec. 2010.