Aims and Rationale
The International Network of Twin Registries (INTR) aims to foster scientific collaboration and promote twin research on a global scale. To this end, the INTR is working to expand the resources of twin registries around the world and make them available to researchers who adhere to established guidelines for international collaboration. As members of a working group of the International Society of Twin Studies (ISTS), our vision is to create an unprecedented scientific network of twin registries that will advance knowledge of complex phenotypes. This network is intended to catalyze genomic and post-genomic research in ways that are impossible for individual registries, given the numbers of twin pairs needed for discovery and replication of findings. Further, the establishment of the INTR might well attract scientists who have not previously used twin designs but whose research would benefit from utilizing their unique potential.
Progress toward understanding the genetic and environmental underpinnings of health and disease can be accelerated by international, multi-registry collaborative research. Our vision for the INTR builds upon the fundamental principles underlying the harmonization of large-scale biobanks (Harris et al., Reference Harris, Burton, Knoppers, Lindpaintner, Bledsoe, Brookes and Zatloukal2012) and consortium studies (Boffetta et al., Reference Boffetta, Armstrong, Linet, Kasten, Cozen and Hartge2007). It requires openness, sharing, and synergy. This effort will accelerate the ability of the twin research community to conduct meta-analyses; it will provide a common platform from which twin pairs discordant for specific outcomes or exposures can be identified, and foster the secure exchange and analysis of individual-level data to conduct more complex investigations such as studies of the relationship between disease, environment, lifestyle and genes.
The INTR will also promote a broad range of activities, including the development of a website, formulation of data harmonization protocols, creation of a library of software tools for twin studies, design of a search engine to identify research partners, establishment of searchable inventories of data and biospecimens, development of templates for informed consent and data sharing, organization of symposia at ISTS conferences, support for scholar exchanges, and writing grant proposals for twin research.
Since the inception of the INTR, we have been mindful of the ethical issues presented by large-scale international research. We also recognize that many international partners operate in resource-poor settings that pose challenges above and beyond those encountered in well-funded environments. The INTR encourages the twin community to draw on the principles and tools developed by international data sharing initiatives (Knoppers et al., Reference Knoppers, Harris, Tasse, Budin-Ljosne, Kaye, Deschenes and Zawati2011; Knoppers et al., Reference Knoppers, Chisholm, Kaye, Cox, Thorogood, Burton and Stolk2013; Knoppers et al., Reference Knoppers, Harris, Budin-Ljosne and Dove2014) to address these issues.
Website
Among the first priorities of the INTR was to establish a website (www.worldwidetwins.net) to facilitate communication and collaboration between registries and researchers within and outside the twin research community. The site includes a communication portal that facilitates discussions between researchers and registries that could generate new research, a blog about INTR activities, and links to useful tools and other resources. The website's functionality will be enhanced over time to meet the needs of our collaborators. Using information from the special issue of Twin Research and Human Genetics in February 2013, we systemically identified and contacted all known twin registries and invited them to nominate a contact person for listing on the website and a lead person for the site-enabled communications. One of our current projects is to review the type, size, and processing of biospecimens collected by the registries we identified in this way. Results will be posted on the site.
A Brief History of the INTR
After the ISTS meeting in Seoul in 2010, investigators from several twin registries established an ISTS working group to promote an international network of registries. Its first meeting was in March 2011 at the University of Melbourne in Australia. In December 2011, members of the working group developed a funding proposal in response to a solicitation by the U.S. National Institutes of Health for applications for the Director's Transformative Research Award. Twin registries worldwide were invited to participate in the proposal, entitled ‘An International Network of Twin Registries for Epidemiological Studies’, abbreviated as INTREPID (D. Buchwald, Principal Investigator). The application was submitted in January 2012. Although it was not funded, this effort generated enormous enthusiasm among twin registries to support and participate in such a network. Twenty-six registries representing 570,732 twin pairs in Asia, Europe, Australia, and North America endorsed INTREPID's dual goals of scientific collaboration and data harmonization.
In 2012, the Korean and Finnish twin registries were independently awarded research grants that included support for the INTR to host a two-day meeting at Seoul National University in Korea in May 2013. Attendees included 50 participants representing 25 twin registries in 20 countries (see www.worldwidetwins.net). The INTR working group also organized a symposium at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Behavioral Genetics Association in Marseille, France, in June 2013. There we summarized the outcomes of the Seoul meeting in May and provided a forum for twin researchers to discuss their approaches to harmonizing data across multiple registries.
Our working group also holds regular conference calls, supported by the Korean grant, and our membership keeps growing. As our operations to date have been financed solely by awards to individual investigators, one of our principal goals is to secure the long-term funding needed to build and sustain a productive international network.
Participating in INTR Initiatives
The INTR is open to all twin registries, and we especially encourage newly established registries to participate. Registries are asked to specify a contact person. The administrative structure of the INTR is simple, but it will likely evolve in response to funding mechanisms. Each registry will maintain control and responsibility for its own data and will make independent decisions regarding participation in each INTR initiative that arises. In addition, individual researchers can use and contribute to the resources accessible through the INTR, including the website. Although ISTS membership is not required for collaboration, we encourage all researchers who use these resources to join ISTS.
Summary
The INTR is a scientific network of twin registries that will greatly advance understanding of the role of genetics and environment in human health and illness. This is a propitious time to establish such a network, because innovations in genetics and genomics have made twin studies more valuable than ever (Boomsma et al., Reference Boomsma, Busjahn and Peltonen2002; van Dongen et al., Reference van Dongen, Slagboom, Harmen, Draisma, Martin and Boomsma2012). The INTR will enhance research on similarities and differences within and between twin pairs, especially research using the discordant monozygotic design. A very large sample of twins from around the world — one that is diverse not only in geography but also in culture, ethnicity, and genetic background — will help answer scientific questions that could not otherwise be broached. The richer and larger sets of twin data that could be available to collaborations, and the increased potential to recruit twins to new studies will enable the twin research community to capitalize on the latest omic technologies. We anticipate that their explorations will include studies of genetic, environmental and epigenetic determinants of disease risk. Given the availability of INTR data and resources, such studies will benefit from samples large enough to ensure robust conclusions. With adequate support, then, the INTR could have a major positive impact on public health, while building on the best traditions of team science.
The INTR recognizes that large-scale initiatives across diverse populations pose ethical challenges. As the INTR researchers develop collaborations, their practice must be guided by fair and transparent principles. An example is the framework for multinational research proposed by Emanuel et al. (Reference Emanuel, Wendler and Grady2000). Building on this work, we offer the following criteria for INTR efforts: clear social and scientific value, rigorous scientific validity, favorable risk/benefit ratio, independent review, fair selection of research participants, informed consent and respect for all participants, and truly equal partnerships among researchers, policymakers, and communities (Emanual et al., Reference Emanuel, Wendler, Killen and Grady2004).
The INTR intends to be flexible in responding to the interests of the broader scientific community. It will enable collaboration by researchers from varied backgrounds, regardless of their experience in twin studies. This approach will nurture truly translational science that integrates biochemical, genetic, clinical, behavioral, epidemiological, and twin research methodologies. It will also assist in recruiting and training the next generation of twin researchers, while disseminating a new understanding of twin studies among scientists across a range of disciplines.
Fostering international cross-cultural collaborations and open sharing of knowledge and experience is a key challenge for scientific discovery in the 21st century. An equally formidable challenge is to sustain such collaborations over the long term. The INTR represents our best effort to meet both of these challenges. However, this network can fulfill its promise only if it can convince major funding agencies of the value of durable research infrastructures that span borders and continents.
The INTR invites the global research community to tackle the critical issue of sustainability. One approach would be to coordinate grant applications so that they allot a portion of their funding to support INTR services and thus help to build and sustain network activities. This approach would enable the INTR not only to thrive, but to continually optimize its utility to the scientific community.
For the near term, the INTR will keep pursuing funding opportunities to support its activities, including further development of the website to link network participants to each other and to the larger scientific community. In the longer term, it will build the website into a forum to link researchers with the participating twins who so generously donate their time and information, and in some instances bodily samples, to research.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant #2011-220-E00006) and the Academy of Finland (grants #265240 and 263278). We thank Raymond Harris, PhD, for assistance in drafting the manuscript.
