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A review essay*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 February 2009
Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community 1720–1840. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988. 354pp. £22.95.
Edward D. Smith, Climbing Jacob's Ladder: The Rise of Black Churches in Eastern American Cities, 1740–1877. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988. $15.95.
John C. Walter. The Harlem Fox: J. Raymond Jones and Tammany, 1920–1970 (SUNY Series in Afro-American Studies ). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1988. $44.50, cloth, $14.50, paperback.
1 Nash, Gary B., “The social evolution of pre-industrial American cities, 1700–1820: reflections and new directions”, Journal of Urban History, 13 (1987), 115–45. Nash discusses Tonnies' ‘gemeinschaft/gesellschaft’ distinction, 116–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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