Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:53:55.018Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Local elites and social control: building council houses in Stirling between the wars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2013

JAMES SMYTH
Affiliation:
School of History and Politics, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
DOUGLAS ROBERTSON
Affiliation:
School of Applied Social Science, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK

Abstract:

This article examines the role played by local councillors in constructing new housing in Scotland during the inter-war period. Rather than view local authorities as simply the objective agency of central government's ambitions to construct council houses, we argue that the self-interest and motivations of councillors have to be recognized as significant factors in this process. It is argued also that the concerns of private landlords were neither ignored nor sacrificed in the rush to build new housing. Rather, given that councils remained dominated by local business men, many of whom were private landlords, councillors acted in ways to protect their own material and class interests. In so doing, they consciously, if implicitly, shaped the social geography of twentieth-century Scotland.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Bowley, A., Housing and the State 1919–1945 (London, 1945)Google Scholar; Addison, C., The Betrayal of the Slums (London, 1922)Google Scholar. Addison was the minister of health who introduced the original council housing legislation in the 1919 Housing and Town Planning Act.

2 Bowley, Housing, 3–4.

3 Daunton, M. (ed.), Councillors and Tenants: Local Authority Housing in English Cities, 1919–1939 (Leicester, 1984), 8Google Scholar; Bowley, Housing, 15.

4 Bowley, Housing, 16; Burnett, J., A Social History of Housing 1815–1970 (Newton Abbot, 1978)Google Scholar; Finnigan, R., ‘Housing policy in Leeds between the wars’, in Melling, J. (ed.), Housing, Social Policy and the State (London, 1980), 113–38Google Scholar; Malpass, P., Housing and the Welfare State: The Development of Housing Policy in Britain (Basingstoke, 2005)Google Scholar; Orbach, L., Homes for Heroes: A Study of the Evolution of British Public Housing 1915–1921 (London 1977)Google Scholar; Ravetz, A., Council Housing and Culture: The History of a Social Experiment (London, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Swenarton, M., Homes Fit for Heroes: The Politics and Architecture of Early State Housing in Britain (London, 1981)Google Scholar.

5 Parliamentary Papers (PP) 1817–18 (Cd 8731), Report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Industrial Population in Scotland, Rural and Urban.

6 D. Byrne, ‘The standard of council housing in inter-war North Shields – a case in the politics of reproduction’, in Melling (ed.), Housing, 168–93.

7 M. Dresser, ‘Housing policy in Bristol, 1919–30’, in Daunton (ed.), Councillors, 165–6.

8 Daunton (ed.), Councillors, 6.

9 McCrone, D. and Elliott, B., Property and Power in a City: The Sociological Significance of Landordism (Basingstoke, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Byrne, ‘Standard of housing’.

10 McCrone and Elliott, Property and Power, 77.

11 McCrone, D. and Elliott, B., ‘The decline of landlordism: property rights and relationships in Edinburgh’, in Rodger, R. (ed.), Scottish Housing in the Twentieth Century (Leicester, 1989), 216Google Scholar.

12 Daunton (ed.), Councillors, 8.

13 Robertson, Smyth and McIntosh, Neighbourhood Identity.

14 Bowley, Housing, 261.

15 R. Rodger and H. Al-Qaddo, The Scottish Special Housing Association and the implementation of housing policy, 1937–87’, in Rodger (ed.), Scottish Housing, 185.

16 Seawright, D., An Important Matter of Principle: The Decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party (Aldershot, 1999), 139–43Google Scholar.

17 PP 1908 (Cd 4016), registrar general for Scotland, Return Showing the Housing Conditions of the Population of Scotland, 6, 9.

18 Royal Commission on the Housing of the Industrial Population of Scotland, Rural and Urban, Evidence, 4 vols. (Edinburgh, 1921), vol. I, 718–19Google Scholar.

19 Stirling Observer, 1 Dec. 1912.

20 Stirling Burgh (SB) Archive, HH/R, 10/33:1, ‘Extracts from the notes of a local inquiry into housing’; Stirling Journal and Advertiser, 16 Oct. 1912.

21 Stirling Observer, 1 Dec. 1912.

23 Stirling Journal and Advertiser, 6 Nov. 1912.

24 A small experimental Homesteads scheme was being developed at this time; see Aitken, P., Cunningham, C. and McCutcheon, B., Notes for a New History of Stirling: The Homesteads – Stirling's Garden Suburb (Stirling, 1984)Google Scholar.

25 Stirling Observer, 1 Dec. 1912. John Cowane was a Stirling merchant and property owner who, on his death in 1633, gifted a fortune to maintain a hospital in his name. Over time, the bequest – largely extensive land holdings – came under the effective authority of the town council.

26 Royal Commission on Housing, Evidence (1921), vol. I, 714–21, vol. II, 1483–5.

27 Robertson, Smyth and McIntosh, Neighbourhood Identity, 17–31.

28 PP 1908, 9.

29 Stirling Observer, 9 Nov. 1920, 9 Nov. 1926.

30 Ibid., 1 Nov. 1919.

31 Ibid., 26 Oct. 1920.

32 Ibid., 9 Nov. 1926, 28 Oct., 4 Nov. 1930.

33 Smyth, J., ‘Resisting Labour: Unionists, Liberals, and Moderates in Glasgow between the wars, Historical Journal, 26 (2004), 375401Google Scholar; Miller, W., ‘Politics in the Scottish city 1832–1982’, in Gordon, G. (ed.), Perspectives of the Scottish City (Aberdeen, 1985), 180211Google Scholar.

34 Stirling Observer, 11 Nov. 1930.

35 Ibid., 28 Oct. 1930.

36 Scotsman, 17 Sep. 1932.

37 Information on property values extracted from Stirling Burgh Archive, Valuation Rolls, various dates; SB12/1/9 Housing Scotland Act 1935, ‘Register of inspections, overcrowded houses’.

38 Stirling Journal and Advertiser, 19 Feb. 1920.

39 Ibid., 19 Feb. 1920.

40 Ibid., 19 Feb. 1920.

41 N. Morgan, ‘“£8 cottages for Glasgow citizens”: innovations in municipal house building in Glasgow in the inter-war years’, in Rodger (ed.), Scottish Housing, 141.

42 SB, council minutes, 20 Aug. 1923; Housing Committee minutes, 27 Aug. 1923.

43 SB, council minutes, 17 Dec. 1923.

44 SB, Housing Committee minutes, 26 Nov. 1923.

45 Stirling Journal and Advertiser, 19 Feb. 1920.

46 Ibid., 14 May 1931.

47 Robertson, D. and Smyth, J., ‘Tackling squalor: housing's contribution to the welfare state’, Social Policy Review, 21 (2009), 87108Google Scholar.

48 Morgan, ‘“£8 cottages”’, 136.

49 Wood, I., John Wheatley (Manchester, 1990), 142Google Scholar.

50 Rogaly, B. and Taylor, B., Moving Histories of Class and Community: Identity, Place and Belonging in Contemporary England (Basingstoke, 2009)Google Scholar.

51 Stirling Journal and Advertiser, 23 Apr. 1931.

52 Robertson, Smyth and McIntosh, Neighbourhood Identity, 24.

53 PP 1870 (Cd 221), Commission on the Employment of Children, Young Persons and Women in Agriculture, fourth report, 66.

54 SB, Housing Committee minutes, 27 Sep. 1920.

55 Robertson, Smyth and McIntosh, Neighbourhood Identity, 40.

56 Stirling Journal and Advertiser, 20 Oct. 1927.

57 Ibid., 26 Mar. 1931.

58 Ibid., 20 May 1920, 6 Oct. 1927.

59 SB, Housing Committee minutes, 11 Sep. 1934.

60 Ibid., 29 Oct. 1923.

61 SB1/1/46, ‘Annual report on the general sanitary condition of the burgh for the year 1938’ (Public Health Department, Stirling, 31 May 1939), 22.

62 Stirling Journal and Advertiser, 23 Jan. 1936.

63 SB, council minutes, 4 Oct. 1934.

64 Stirling Journal and Advertiser, 19 Mar. 1936.

65 Rodger (ed.), Scottish Housing, 236–7.

66 PP 1943–44 (Cd 6552), Department of Health for Scotland, Distribution of New Houses in Scotland, report by the Scottish Housing Advisory Committee, 43.

67 SB1/1/44, MOH, ‘Annual report’, 1936.

68 SB, Housing Committee minutes, 13 Feb. 1934.