Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:57:21.319Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Marketplaces and central spaces: markets and the rise of competing spatial ideals in Danish city centres, c. 1850–1900

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2015

JENS TOFTGAARD*
Affiliation:
Odense City Museums, Overgade 48, 5000 Odense C, Denmark

Abstract

The traditional open-air markets on the central squares of Danish cities were thriving in the middle of the nineteenth century. However, the markets were soon challenged by new urban ideals of the city centre as a place for shopping and capital investment. At the same time, urban reformers made efforts to improve the market trade to meet modern standards. The rivalling interests struggled over the question of modernization or relocation of the central square markets and ultimately the definition and use of the central urban space. In particular, this article will examine the struggle over the construction of a fish market hall in Odense as it serves to reveal the different conceptions of the central urban space that affected the fate of the street markets.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 See for instance Oxenvad, N., ‘Marked og torv’, in Steensberg, A. (ed.), Dagligliv i Danmark i det nittende og tyvende århundrede, vol. I (Copenhagen, 1963), 395410Google Scholar; Jansen, C., Butik i Århus (Aarhus, 1981), 1221Google Scholar; K. Pedersen, ‘Torvelivet i Helsingør’, Helsingør Bymuseum Årbog (1973–76), 5–41.

2 This study is mainly based on research for my Ph.D. thesis: J. Toftgaard, ‘Citydannelse, butiksstrøg og byidealer. Dannelsen af centrale byrum i Odense samt Aarhus og Aalborg 1870–1970’, University of Southern Denmark Ph.D. thesis, 2012.

3 Johansen, H.C., Danish Population History (Odense, 2002)Google Scholar.

4 Lov nr. 73 af 23de Maj 1873 om afskaffelse af Krammarkeder, Lovtidende for Kongeriget Danmark 1872–73 (Danish Law no. 73 of 23 May 1873 on the Abolition of Non-Animal Fairs); Cunningham, H., ‘The metropolitan fairs: a case study in the social control of leisure’, in Donajgrodzki, A.P. (ed.), Social Control in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1977)Google Scholar, 163–84.

5 Lov af 29de December 1857 om Haandværks- og Fabriksdrift samt Handel og Værthushold paa Landet (Næringsfrihedsloven), Lovtidende for Kongeriget Danmark 1857–58 (Danish Law of 29 Dec. 1857 on Factories, Trade and Inns in Rural Districts (Free Trade Law).

6 Odense Byraads Forhandlinger (OBF) (Odense City Council Minutes), 1880, 185.

7 Pedersen, ‘Torvelivet i Helsingør’, 21–32; Riismøller, P., Østeraa i Aalborg (Aalborg, 1953), 34Google Scholar–7; Riismøller, P., Gammeltorv i Aalborg (Aalborg, 1955), 2832Google Scholar.

8 Danmarks Kirker XVI, Århus Amt (Copenhagen, 1968), 104–25; Jansen, C., ‘Torvehandelen gennem tiderneÅrhus-Årbog, 8 (1979), 162–9Google Scholar.

9 Lefebvre, H.: The Production of Space (Oxford, 1991Google Scholar; French edn 1974), 10–15, 223–7, 308–12.

10 Toftgaard, J., ‘Forbruget i centrum’, in Frandsen, J.N. and Toftgaard, J. (eds.), Odense i forvandling (Odense, 2013), 7199Google Scholar, at 77–80.

11 Jansen, Butik i Århus, 110–15. Kathryn Morrisson documents a similar, although somewhat earlier, trend in England. Morrison, K.A., English Shops and Shopping. An Architectural History (London, 2003), 4161Google Scholar.

12 Allpass, J., ‘The development of public space as the basis for urban life’, in Montanari, A., Curdes, G. and Forsyth, L. (eds.), Urban Landscape Dynamics (Aldershot, 1993), 337Google Scholar–71.

13 Stobart, J., Hann, A. and Morgan, V., Spaces of Consumption. Leisure and Shopping in the English Town, c. 1680–1830 (London, 2007)Google Scholar; Stobart, J., ‘Shopping streets as social space. Leisure, consumerism and improvement in an eighteenth century county town’, Urban History, 25 (1998), 321CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Otter, C., ‘Making liberalism durable: vision and civility in the late Victorian city’, Social History, 27 (2002), 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hahn, H., ‘Boulevard culture and advertising as spectacle in nineteenth-century Paris’, in Cowan, A. and Steward, J. (eds.), The City and the Senses. Urban Culture since 1500 (London, 2007), 156–75Google Scholar.

15 Haugaard, K., ‘Fra turneringsplads til torvebod’, Nyborg før & nu (1998), 2238Google Scholar, at 30.

16 Larsen, S., Handelsstanden i etatsrådernes by (Odense, 1962), 67Google Scholar–8; Jansen, ‘Torvehandelen gennem tiderne’, 162–3.

17 Jansen, ‘Torvehandelen gennem tiderne’, 164–5.

18 OBF, 1881, 45–57, 1883, 168–73, 291–308, Appendix 95–101; Haugaard, ‘Fra turneringsplads til torvebod’, 26–7.

19 Betænkning afgivet af den af indenrigsministeriet den 21. februar 1962 nedsatte udvalg vedrørende dybfrosne levnedsmidler mm. (Copenhagen, 1964), 8–13; Jansen, Butik i Århus, 153–9.

20 Andersen, ‘Københavns torvehandel gennem tiderne’, Fra kvangård til humlehave, 14 (1984), 11–16.

21 Jansen, ‘Torvehandelen gennem tiderne’, 164–6; Andersen, ‘Københavns torvehandel gennem tiderne’, 12–17.

22 Joyce, P., The Rule of Freedom. Liberalism and the Modern City (London, 2003), 6297Google Scholar.

23 Hyldtoft, O., Den lysende gas (Herning, 1994), 47–8Google Scholar; Kaijser, A., Stadens ljus (Malmö, 1986), 120Google Scholar–43; Johansson, E., Lys i gade (Copenhagen, 1960), 30Google Scholar–8.

24 Sennett, R., Flesh and Stone. The Body and the City in Western Civilization (London, 1994)Google Scholar; Franzén, M., ‘Gatans disciplinering’, Häften för kritiska studier, 15 (1982), 325Google Scholar; Ogborn, M., ‘Ordering the city: surveillance, public space and the reform of urban policing in England 1835–56’, Political Geography, 12 (1993), 505–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 For instance, a fish market hall in Aalborg only operated for a year before closing in 1873. Aalborg Byraads Forhandlinger, 1872, 72, 95, 1873, 88.

26 OBF, 1866, 64–5.

27 Hamlin, C., Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick (Cambridge, 1998), 209Google Scholar–13; Joyce, The Rule of Freedom, 68, 80.

28 OBF, 1866, 67.

29 OBF, 1866, 66; 1867, CXI.

30 Illustreret Tidende, 8 (1867), 321–2; Nordisk Billed-Magazin, 9 (1869), 130.

31 Lefebvre makes several references to bank offices and other financial institutions as a reification of capitalism contributing to the definition of urban space. Influenced by this line of thought, Ian S. Black has examined the emergence of bank buildings in the City of London under the title ‘Spaces of capital’. Lefebvre, The Production of Space, 55–7, 86–7; Black, I.S., ‘Spaces of capital. Bank office building in the City of London, 1830–1870’, Journal of Historical Geography, 26 (2000), 351–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 Møller, A.M., Fra skat på hartkorn til indkomstskat (Copenhagen, 2009), 40–6Google Scholar, 116–20; Indenrigsministeriet, Samling af de i Henhold til Lov om den kommunale Beskatning. . .affattede Vedtægter (Copenhagen, 1894).

33 Andersson, H.O. and Bedoire, F., Bankbyggande i Sverige (Uddevalla, 1981)Google Scholar; Black, ‘Spaces of capital’; Booker, J., Temples of Mammon (Edinburgh, 1991)Google Scholar; Østeraas, N., Banken på Gammel Torv (Aalborg, 1998)Google Scholar.

34 Fyens Stiftstidende, 19 Oct. 1874.

35 Otter, ‘Making liberalism durable’, 6–8.

36 Joyce, The Rule of Freedom, 147–71.

37 Damsgaard, N., ‘Den nationalliberale kulturpolitik’, in Poulsen, B. and Schulte-Wülwer, U. (eds.), Istedløven (Herning, 1993), 1931Google Scholar; Gunn, S., The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class (Manchester, 2000), 1443Google Scholar; Umbach, M., ‘Memory and historicism. Reading between the lines of the built environment, Germany c. 1900’, Representations, 88 (2004), 2654CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Otter, ‘Making liberalism durable’, 1–6.

39 Toftgaard, J., ‘Borgerskabets byideal og monumentsætning ca. 1850–1920’, in Christensen, Søren Bitsch (ed.), Den moderne by (Aarhus, 2006), 121Google Scholar–52, at 124–30; Adriansen, I., Erindringssteder i Danmark (Copenhagen, 2010), 24–9Google Scholar; Pedersen, ‘Torvelivet i Helsingør’, 24–36.

40 Bligaard, M., Frederiksborgs genrejsning (Copenhagen, 2008)Google Scholar; Jokilehto, J., A History of Architectural Conservation (Oxford, 1999)Google Scholar; Kristensen, H.K., ‘Kirkerestaureringer i 1800-tallets Danmark og det antikvariske aspekt’, in Høiris, O. and Ledet, T. (eds.), Romantikkens Verden (Aarhus, 2008), 475Google Scholar–90, at 478–83.

41 Uldall, J., ‘Om Anlæg af Kvægtorv og Slagtehus i Kjøbstæder’, Kjøbstadsforeningens Tidsskrift, 1 (1890), 4776Google Scholar.