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13Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Roots and Shoots of Major Weed Species of Southern U.S. Rice Fields and Its Potential Use for Analysis of Rice–Weed Root Interactions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David R. Gealy  and
Glenn S. Gealy
David R. Gealy*
Affiliation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, 2890 Highway 130 East, Stuttgart, AR 72160
Glenn S. Gealy
Affiliation:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: david.gealy@ars.usda.gov
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Abstract

Assessing belowground plant interference in rice has been difficult in the past because intertwined weed and crop roots cannot be readily separated. A 13C discrimination method has been developed to assess distribution of intermixed roots of barnyardgrass and rice in field soils, but the suitability of this approach for other rice weeds is not known. 13C depletion levels in roots and leaves of rice were compared with those of 10 troublesome weed species grown in monoculture in the greenhouse or field. Included were C4 tropical grasses: barnyardgrass, bearded sprangletop, Amazon sprangletop, broadleaf signalgrass, fall panicum, and large crabgrass; C4 sedge, yellow nutsedge; and C3 species: red rice, gooseweed, and redstem. Rice root δ13C levels averaged ∼ −28‰, indicating that these roots are highly 13C-depleted. Root δ13C levels ranged from −12‰ to −17‰ among the tropical grasses, and were −10‰ in yellow nutsedge, indicating that these species were less 13C depleted than rice, and were C4 plants suitable for 13C discrimination studies with rice. Among the C4 species, bearded sprangletop and yellow nutsedge were most and least 13C depleted, respectively. δ13C levels in shoot and root tissue of pot-grown plants averaged 6% greater for C4 plants and 9% greater for rice in the field than in the greenhouse. In pots, shoots of rice typically were slightly more 13C depleted than roots. A reverse trend was seen in most C4 species, particularly for broadleaf signalgrass and plants sampled from field plots. Corrections derived from inputs including the total mass, carbon mass, carbon fraction, and δ13C levels of roots and soil increased greatly the accuracy of root mass estimates and increased slightly the accuracy of root δ13C estimates (∼ 0.6 to 0.9%) in samples containing soil. Similar corrective equations were derived for mixtures of rice and C4 weed roots and soil, and are proposed as a labor-saving option in 13C discrimination root studies.

Keywords

Barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauvbearded sprangletop, Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth var. fascicularis (Lam.) N. SnowAmazon sprangletop, Leptochloa panicoides (J. Presl) A. S. Hitchcbroadleaf signalgrass, Urochloa platyphylla (Nash) R. D. Websterfall panicum, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michxlarge crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scopyellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus Lgooseweed, Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertnredstem, Ammannia coccinea Rottbred rice, Oryza sativa Lrice, Oryza sativa LStable carbon isotope13C/12C isotope ratioδ13C13C depletionC3 photosynthetic pathwayC4 photosynthetic pathwaycrop–weed root interferencetropical japonica riceindica rice
Type
Special Topics
Information
Weed Science , Volume 59 , Issue 4 , December 2011 , pp. 587 - 600
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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