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Adjuvant Effects on Imazethapyr, 2,4-D and Picloram Absorption by Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

W. Mack Thompson ,
Scott J. Nissen  and
Robert A. Masters
W. Mack Thompson
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron., Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915
Scott J. Nissen
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron., Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915
Robert A. Masters
Affiliation:
U.S. Dep. Agric, Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915
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Abstract

Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77®, Sylgard® 309, Silwet® 408), 3:1 mixtures of acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha−1), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). Adjuvants were combined with 14C-herbicide and commercially formulated herbicide product. Leaves were harvested 2 DAT, rinsed with 10% aqueous methanol to remove surface deposits of herbicide, and dipped in 9:1 hexane:acetone to solubilize cuticular waxes. Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSO. Total absorption of imazethapyr plus COC, MSO, or NIS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added. Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%. Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added; however, 12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309. Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78% and was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77. Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%. Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha-1 ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%.

Keywords

2,4-D amine, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid dimethylamineimazethapyr, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-ethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidpicloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acidammonium nitrate, NH4NO3ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. ♯ EPHES
Type
Physiology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry
Information
Weed Science , Volume 44 , Issue 3 , September 1996 , pp. 469 - 475
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 by the Weed Science Society of America 

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