Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T22:52:53.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biological control of yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) by Eteobalea serratella in peppermint (Mentha piperita)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Dean S. Volenberg ,
Herbert J. Hopen  and
Gaetano Campobasso
Herbert J. Hopen
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
Gaetano Campobasso
Affiliation:
European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS-EBCL Rome Substation Via Colle, Trugli 9 00132 Rome, Italy
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Yellow toadflax is an introduced ornamental perennial that has become a serious weed in Wisconsin peppermint production. Glyphosate is the only labeled herbicide that controls yellow toadflax in peppermint. Other control strategies, either mechanical or cultural, have little effect on the weed in solid stands of peppermint. Previous research has suggested that the root mining moth Eteobalea serratella Tr. (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) may provide effective biological control of yellow toadflax. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine the host specificity of E. serratella and to quantify E. serratella root mining of yellow toadflax. In larval and adult no-choice tests, E. serratella attacked only yellow toadflax. Other plant species collected from E. serratella's natural range were not attacked, neither those closely related to yellow toadflax in the family Scrophulariaceae, nor those closely related to peppermint in the family Labiatae. Root mining by E. serratella reduced root biomass an average of 20% compared to nontreated plants. Peppermint competition alone or in conjunction with root mining by E. serratella reduced root biomass 52 and 65%, respectively, compared to nontreated plants under noncompetitive conditions. E. serratella is host specific for yellow toadflax and demonstrates potential as a biological control agent by contributing to the reduced competitive ability of yellow toadflax in peppermint.

Keywords

Yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill. LINVUpeppermint, Mentha piperita L.Biological control, root mining, Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, LINVU.
Type
Weed Management
Information
Weed Science , Volume 47 , Issue 2 , April 1999 , pp. 226 - 232
Copyright
Copyright © 1999 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Anonymous. 1988. Guide to Crop Protection in Alberta, Part 2–Non Chemical Control. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Agriculture AGDEX 606–2. 28 p.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1993. Guide to Weed Control. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food Publ. 75. 216 p.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1996. Calophasia lunula. In Rees, N. E., Quimby, P. C. Jr., Piper, G. L., Coombs, E. M., Turner, C. E., Spencer, N. R., and Knutson, L. V., eds. Biological Control of Weeds in the West 1996. Bozeman, MT: Western Society of Weed Science.Google Scholar
Baig, M. N., Harker, K. N., and Darwent, A. L. 1994. Tillage enhances yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) control with glyphosate. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 34: 16.Google Scholar
Baig, M. N., Darwent, A. L., and Harker, K. N. 1996. Preharvest applications of glyphosate for yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) control. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 36: 68.Google Scholar
Bakshi, T. S. and Coupland, R. T. 1960. Vegetative propagation in Linaria vulgaris . Can. J. Bot. 38: 243–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campobasso, G. and Knutson, L. 1993. Eteobalea serratella Treitschke (Lep: Cosmopterygidae) for the Biological Control of Yellow Toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (L.) Miller (Scruphulariaceae) in Wisconsin. Rome, Italy: USDA-European Biological Control Laboratory Rep. 16 p.Google Scholar
Carder, A. C. 1963. Control of yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) by grass competition plus 2,4-D. Weeds 11: 13–14.Google Scholar
Charlton, W. A. 1965. Bud initiation in excised roots of Linaria vulgaris . Nature 207: 781–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cody, R. P. and Smith, J. K. 1991. Applied Statistics and the SAS Programming Language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 403 p.Google Scholar
Crawley, J. E. 1983. Herbivory, the Dynamics of Animal-Plant Interactions. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Crompton, C. W., McNeill, J., Stahevitch, A. E., and Wojtas, W. A. 1988. Preliminary Inventory of Canadian Weeds. Ottawa, ON: Agriculture Canada Research Branch Tech. Bull. 1988–9E. 1292 p.Google Scholar
Darlington, W. 1859. American Weeds and Useful Plants. New York: Orange Judd and Co. 460 p.Google Scholar
Darwent, A. L., Lobay, W., Yarish, W., and Harris, P. 1975. Distribution and importance in Northwestern Alberta of toadflax and its insect enemies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55: 157–162.Google Scholar
Eagen, K. A., Connell, T. R., Michaelis, B. A., Hughes, R. L., Hopen, H. J., and Binning, L. K. 1992. Linaria vulgaris severity and control in Wisconsin mint. Ann. Res. Rep. Mint Ind. Res. Counc. 17. pp. 7–9.Google Scholar
Ellison, L. 1960. Influence of grazing on plant succession of rangelands. Bot. Rev. 26: 1–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, P. 1984. Linaria vulgaris Miller, yellow toadflax and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill., broad-leaved toadflax (Scrophulariaceae). Pages 179–182 in Kelleher, J. S. and Hulme, M. A., eds. Biological Control Programmes Against Insects and Weeds in Canada 1969–1980. Slough, Great Britain: Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux.Google Scholar
Harris, P. and Carder, A. C. 1971. Linaria vulgaris Mill. yellow toadflax, and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill., broad-leaved toadflax (Scrophulariaceae). Pages 94–97 in Biological Control Programmes Against Insects and Weeds in Canada 1959–1968. Slough, Great Britain: Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux.Google Scholar
Holm, L., Pancho, J. V., Herberger, J. P., and Plucknett, D. L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Huffaker, C. B. 1953. Quantitative studies on the biological control of St. John's-wort (Klamath weed) in California. Proc. Seventh Pac. Sci. Congr. R. Soc. Wellington, NZ 3: 12–14.Google Scholar
Kock, T. 1966. Bionomische und okologische Untersuchungen zur Entomofauna an Linaria vulgaris Miller (Scrophulariaceae). Z. Angew. Entomol. 58: 195–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovalev, O. V. and Vechernin, V. V. 1986. Description of a new wave process in populations with reference to introduction and spread of the leaf beetle Zygogramma suturalis F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Entomol. Rev. 65: 93–112.Google Scholar
Kutschera, L. 1960. Wurzelatlas mitteleuropaischer Ackerunkrauter und Kulturpflanzen. Frankfurt a.M., Germany: DLG-Verlags GMBH.Google Scholar
Lajeunesse, S. E., Fay, P. K., Cooksey, J. R., Nowierski, R. M., and Zamora, D. 1993. Dalmation and Yellow Toadflax: Weeds of Pasture and Range Land. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Ext. Ser. 115 13 p.Google Scholar
McClay, A. S. 1992. Effects of Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on flowering and seed production of common toadflax. Can. Entomol. 124: 631–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morishita, D. W. 1991. Dalmation toadflax, yellow toadflax, black henbane, and tansymustard: importance, distribution, and control. Pages 399–408 in James, L. F., Evans, J. O., Ralphs, M. H., and Child, R. D., eds. Noxious Range Weeds. Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Nadeau, L. B. and King, J. R. 1991. Seed dispersal and seedling establishment of Linaria vulgaris Mill. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71: 771–782.Google Scholar
Nadeau, L. B., Dale, M.R.T., and King, J. R. 1991. The development of spatial pattern in shoots of Linaria vulgaris (Scrophulariaceae) growing on fallow land or in a barley crop. Can. J. Bot. 69: 2539–2544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, L. B., King, J. R., and Harker, K. N. 1992. Comparison of growth of seedlings and plants grown from root pieces of yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). Weed Sci. 40: 43–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, C. F. and Hughes, R. O. 1970. Selected Weeds of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 366.Google Scholar
Richards, J. H. 1984. Root growth response to defoliation in two Agropyron bunchgrasses: field observations with an improved root periscope. Oecologia (Berl.) 64: 21–25.Google Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. 1929. The biological equipment of species in relation to competition. J. Ecol. 17: 197–222.Google Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. 1942. The Reproductive Capacity of Plants. London, Great Britain: G. Bell and Sons.Google Scholar
Saner, M. 1991. Interactions of Linaria vulgaris Mill. and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) with Insect Herbivores. Basel, Switzerland: Universitat Basel. 138 p.Google Scholar
Saner, M. and Muller-Scharer, H. 1994. Impact of root mining by Eteobalea spp. on clonal growth and sexual reproduction of common toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill. Weed Res. 34: 199–204.Google Scholar
Staniforth, R. J. and Scott, P. A. 1991. Dynamics of weed populations in northern subarctic community. Can. J. Bot. 69: 814–821.Google Scholar
Tauber, M. J., Tauber, C. A., and Masaki, S. 1986. Seasonal Adaptations of Insects. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Volenberg, D. S. and Kruath, S. 1996. First record of Pteromalus microps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the New World. Entomol. News 107: 272–274.Google Scholar
Volenberg, D. S., Hopen, H. J., and Mahr, D. L. 1996. The rearing of the root mining larva Eteobala serratella Treitschke (Lep.: Cosmopterigidae) for control of Linaria vulgaris Mill. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 36: 69.Google Scholar
Younger, V. B. 1972. Physiology of defoliation and regrowth. Pages 292–303 in Younger, V. B. and McKell, C. M., eds. The Biology and Utilization of Grasses. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Zilke, S. 1954. Some aspects of the ecological life history of Linaria vulgaris Mill. M.Sc. thesis. Saskatoon, SK: University of Saskatchewan. 174 p.Google Scholar