Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:03:52.207Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of Starch Encapsulation on Clomazone and Atrazine Movement in Soil and Clomazone Volatilization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Todd L. Mervosh ,
Edward W. Stoller ,
F. William Simmons ,
Timothy R. Ellsworth  and
Gerald K. Sims
Todd L. Mervosh*
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron., Univ. Ill., 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
Edward W. Stoller
Affiliation:
U.S. Dep. Agric, Agri. Res. Serv., Crop Prot. Res., 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
F. William Simmons
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron., 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
Timothy R. Ellsworth
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron., 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
Gerald K. Sims
Affiliation:
U.S. Dep. Agric, Agri. Res. Serv., 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
*
2Corresponding author, current address, Connecticut Agric. Exp. Stn., Valley Lab., Box 248, Windsor, CT 06095.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The effects of formulation on clomazone volatilization and transport through soil were studied. After 22 days of leaching under unsaturated flow in 49-cm long intact soil cores, greater clomazone movement was observed in Plainfield sand than in Cisne silt loam or Drummer silty clay loam soils. Soil clomazone concentrations resulting in injury to oats occurred throughout Plainfield soil cores but were restricted to the upper 14 cm of Cisne and Drummer soils. In addition, clomazone was detected in the leachate from Plainfield soil only. In a similar study with Plainfield sand cores, clomazone was less mobile than atrazine; encapsulation of the herbicides in starch granules did not affect clomazone movement but greatly decreased atrazine movement from the soil surface. Similarly, starch encapsulation did not affect bioavailability of clomazone but did reduce bioavailability of atrazine. In a laboratory study with continual air flow, volatilization of clomazone applied to the soil surface was reduced by encapsulation in starch and starch/clay granules. Clomazone volatilization was not affected by soil water content within a range of 33 to 1500 kPa water tension. Following soil saturation with water, clomazone volatilization from both liquid and granular formulations increased. Granule size appeared to have a greater impact than granule composition on clomazone volatilization.

Keywords

Clomazone, 2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinoneatrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-[1-methylethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineoat, Avena sativa L. ‘Noble.’Herbicidetransportcontrolled release formulations
Type
Soil, Air, and Water
Information
Weed Science , Volume 43 , Issue 3 , September 1995 , pp. 445 - 453
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

LITERATURE CITED

1. Carr, M. E., Wing, R. E., and Doane, W. M. 1991. Encapsulation of atrazine within a starch matrix by extrusion processing. Cereal Chem. 68:262–266.Google Scholar
2. Curran, W. S., Liebl, R. A., and Simmons, F. W. 1992. Effects of tillage and application method on clomazone, imazaquin, and imazethapyr persistence. Weed Sci. 40:482–489.Google Scholar
3. Dewell, R. A. 1993. M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. 53 pp.Google Scholar
4. Fleming, G. F., Simmons, F. W., Wax, L. M., Wing, R. E., and Carr, M. E. 1992. Atrazine movement in soil columns as influenced by starch-encapsulation and acrylic polymer additives. Weed Sci. 40:465–470.Google Scholar
5. Fleming, G. F., Wax, L. M., and Simmons, F. W. 1992. Leachability and efficacy of starch-encapsulated atrazine. Weed Technol. 6:297–302.Google Scholar
6. FMC Corporation. 1994. Command 4EC Herbicide Label. Page 920–933 in Crop Protection Chemicals Reference, 10th ed.; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Press, New York.Google Scholar
7. Gish, T. J., Schoppet, M. J., Helling, C. S., Shirmohammadi, A., Schreiber, M. M., and Wing, R. E. 1991. Transport comparison of technical grade and starch-encapsulated atrazine. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engin. 34:1738–1744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Hassett, J. J. and Banwart, W. L. 1989. The sorption of nonpolar organics by soils and sediments. Page 31–44 in Reactions and Movement of Organic Chemicals in Soils; Sawhney, B. L. and Brown, K., eds.; Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. and Amer. Soc. Agron.; Madison, WI.Google Scholar
9. Loux, M. M. 1984. M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. 104 pp.Google Scholar
10. Loux, M. M., Liebl, R. A., and Slife, F. W. 1989. Availability and persistence of imazaquin, imazethapyr, and clomazone in soil. Weed Sci. 37:259–267.Google Scholar
11. Loux, M. M., Liebl, R. A., and Slife, F. W. 1989. Adsorption of clomazone on soils, sediments, and clays. Weed Sci. 37:440–444.Google Scholar
12. Mervosh, T. L., Sims, G. K., and Soller, E. W. 1995. Clomazone fate as affected by microbial activity, temperature, and soil moisture. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:537–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Mervosh, T. L. 1994. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 89 pp.Google Scholar
14. Mills, M. S. and Thurman, E. M. 1994. Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:73–79.Google Scholar
15. Mills, J. A., Witt, W. W., and Barrett, M. 1989. Effects of tillage on the efficacy and persistence of clomazone in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Sci. 37:217–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Rao, P.S.C. and Hornsby, A. G. 1989. Behavior of pesticides in soils and water. Soil Science Fact Sheet, SL40. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 4 pp.Google Scholar
17. Richard, J. J., Junk, G. A., Avery, M. J., Nehring, N. L., Fritz, J. S., and Svec, H. J. 1975. Analysis of various Iowa waters for selected pesticides: atrazine, DDE, and dieldrin—1974. Pestic. Monit. J. 9(3):117–123.Google ScholarPubMed
18. Ritter, W. F. 1986. Pesticide contamination of groundwater—a review. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engin. Paper No. 86–2028. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engin., St. Joseph, MO, 25 pp.Google Scholar
19. Schreiber, M. M., Shasha, B. S., Ross, M. A., Orwick, P. L., and Edgecomb, D. W. Jr. 1978. Efficacy and rate of release of EPTC and butylate from starch encapsulated formulations under greenhouse conditions. Weed Sci. 26:679–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Schreiber, M. M., Shasha, B. S., Trimnell, D., and White, M. D. 1987. Controlled release herbicides. Page 177–191 in Methods of Applying Herbicides; McWhorter, C. G. and Gebhardt, M. R., eds.; Weed Sci. Soc. Amer., Champaign, IL.Google Scholar
21. Shasha, B. S., Doane, W. M., and Russell, C. R. 1976. Starch encapsulated pesticides for slow release. J. Polym. Sci. 14:417–420.Google Scholar
22. Thelen, K. D., Kells, J. J., and Penner, D. 1988. Comparison of application methods and tillage practices on volatilization of clomazone. Weed Technol. 2:323–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Trimnell, D. and Shasha, B. S. 1990. Controlled release formulations of atrazine in starch for potential reduction of groundwater pollution. J. Controlled Release 12:251–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Agricultural Chemicals in Ground Water: Proposed Pesticide Strategy. U.S.E.P.A. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances: Washington, D.C. 150 pp.Google Scholar
25. van Genuchten, M. Th. and Cleary, R. W. 1979. Movement of solutes in soil: Computer-simulated and laboratory results. Page 349–386 in Bolt, G. H. ed Soil Chemistry, B. Physicochemical models. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
26. Wauchope, D. R., Glaze, N. C., and Dowler, C. C. 1990. Mobility and efficacy of controlled-release formulations of atrazine. Abstr. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. 30:216.Google Scholar
27. Weed Science Society of America. 1994. Atrazine. Pages 20–23 in Ahrens, W. H., ed. Herbicide Handbook, 7th ed.; Weed Sci. Soc. Amer., Champaign, IL.Google Scholar
28. Weed Science Society of America. 1994. Clomazone. Pages 64–66 in Ahrens, W. H., ed. Herbicide Handbook, 7th ed.; Weed Sci. Soc. Amer., Champaign, IL.Google Scholar
29. Wienhold, B. J., Sadeghi, A. M., and Gish, T. J. 1993. Effect of starch encapsulation and temperature on volatilization of atrazine and alachlor. J. Environ. Qual. 22:162–166.Google Scholar
30. Wing, R. E., Carr, M. E., and Doane, W. M. 1993. Continuous process for starch encapsulated herbicides. In Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems, vol. 13, ASTM 1183; Berger, P. D., Devissetty, B. N., and Hall, F. R., eds.; Amer. Soc. for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Wing, R. E., Maiti, S., and Doane, W. M. 1987. Effectiveness of jet-cooked pearl cornstarch as a controlled release matrix. Starch/Stärke 39:422–425.Google Scholar