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Eighteen years of Clearfield™ rice in Brazil: what have we learned?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2021

Luis Antonio de Avila Open the ORCID record for Luis Antonio de Avila [Opens in a new window] ,
Enio Marchesan Open the ORCID record for Enio Marchesan [Opens in a new window] ,
Edinalvo R. Camargo Open the ORCID record for Edinalvo R. Camargo [Opens in a new window] ,
Aldo Merotto Jr. Open the ORCID record for Aldo Merotto Jr. [Opens in a new window] ,
André da Rosa Ulguim Open the ORCID record for André da Rosa Ulguim [Opens in a new window] ,
José Alberto Noldin Open the ORCID record for José Alberto Noldin [Opens in a new window] ,
André Andres Open the ORCID record for André Andres [Opens in a new window] ,
Carlos H. P. Mariot Open the ORCID record for Carlos H. P. Mariot [Opens in a new window] ,
Dirceu Agostinetto Open the ORCID record for Dirceu Agostinetto [Opens in a new window]  and
Sylvio H. B. Dornelles Open the ORCID record for Sylvio H. B. Dornelles [Opens in a new window]
...Show all authors
Luis Antonio de Avila*
Affiliation:
Professor, Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
Enio Marchesan
Affiliation:
Professor, Department of Crop Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
Edinalvo R. Camargo
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
Aldo Merotto Jr.
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Crop Science Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
André da Rosa Ulguim
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
José Alberto Noldin
Affiliation:
Senior Researcher, Epagri (Institution for Agricultural Research and Extension of Santa Catarina State), Itajaí Experimental Station, Itajaí, Brazil
André Andres
Affiliation:
Senior Researcher, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Pelotas, Brazil
Carlos H. P. Mariot
Affiliation:
Researcher–Technical Consultant, Rio Grande do Sul Rice Institute (IRGA), Cachoeirinha, Brazil
Dirceu Agostinetto
Affiliation:
Professor, Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
Sylvio H. B. Dornelles
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
Catarine Markus
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Crop Science Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: Luis Antonio de Avila, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, CP 354, 96.160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. (Email: laavilabr@gmail.com)
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Abstract

Clearfield™ (CL) rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a weedy rice (Oryza spp.; synonym = red rice) control tool that has been used in Brazil since 2003. This system includes the use of an imidazolinone (IMI)-tolerant cultivar and the application of IMI herbicides. In this review article, Brazilian weed scientists evaluate the challenges and lessons learned over 18 yr of CL use. CL system benefits include selective weedy rice control, better crop establishment during the most advantageous period of the year, and more efficient fertilizer use. In Rio Grande do Sul state, the CL system, in conjunction with other improvements, has contributed to rice grain yield gains from 5,500 kg ha−1 before 2002 to around 8,400 kg ha−1 currently. In contrast, the main problem that has arisen over this period is the rapid evolution of IMI-resistant weedy rice, caused by gene flow from CL rice cultivars. The off-label use (rate and continuous use) of IMI herbicides has contributed to the evolution of resistance in Echinochloa spp. and other weeds. IMI herbicide carryover has also affected susceptible crops grown after CL rice. Crop rotation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is increasing, ensuring system sustainability. The importance of minimum tillage has also become apparent. Such cultivation includes applying nonselective herbicides before sowing or just before crop emergence (at the spiking stage to eliminate as much weedy rice as possible and other weeds at an early growth stage). It also includes the use of certified seeds free of weedy rice, following label instructions for IMI herbicides, applying the herbicide PRE followed by POST, and complementary weedy rice management practices, such as roguing of surviving weedy rice plants.

Keywords

Integrated weed managementred riceresistance to imidazolinone herbicidessustainable weed managementweed resistance
Type
Special Issue Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 69 , Issue 5 , September 2021 , pp. 585 - 597
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Weed Science Society of America

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Nilda Roma-Burgos, University of Arkansas

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