Hostname: page-component-6bb9c88b65-vmslq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-21T03:31:38.518Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environmental Factors Affecting Germination of Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Rais U. Akanda ,
J. Jeffrey Mullahey  and
Donn G. Shilling
Rais U. Akanda
Affiliation:
Southwest Florida Res. Edu. Ctr., Immokalee, FL
J. Jeffrey Mullahey
Affiliation:
Southwest Florida Res. Edu. Ctr., Immokalee, FL
Donn G. Shilling
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of various factors on germination of tropical soda apple. Tropical soda apple seed were found to be moderately photoblastic with 30% germination occurring in the dark. Germination increased in response to green (545 nm) and red light (650 nm) to 75 and 66%, respectively, indicating phytochrome regulation. No germination occurred in response to blue (450 nm) and far-red light (750 nm). Germination increased from 4 to 64% between 10 to 30 C, but no germination was found at 5 and 40 C. Maximum germination occurred at 30 C. A second degree polynomial (Y= −48.7 + 7.9X – 0.2X2, R2 = 0.76) best fit the data. Seed germinated over a broad range of pH (2 to 14) with the highest germination occurring at pH 8 and no germination occurring at pH 2 and 14 (Y = −63.3 + 30.5X – 1.9X2, R2 = 0.95). Seed germination declined as osmotic potential increased from 0 to −1.0 MPa (Y = 76.7 – 12.9X + 5.2X2, R2 = 0.87). Seedling emergence was maximum from depth of 3 to 6 cm, but no seedling emergence occurred when seed were planted below 12 cm (Y = 10.2 + 17.8X – 1.6X2, R2 = 0.93). Optimum germination occurred at a depth of 5.6 cm. Mechanical and sulfuric acid scarification increased the rate of germination but not the overall percentage. Tap water or hot water increased the rate of germination 26% and KNO3, GA3, or ethephon increased it 53%. Tropical soda apple seed germinated in response to variable environmental and edaphic conditions which could allow establishment in diverse ecosystems.

Keywords

Tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal ♯ SOLVILight qualitytemperaturepHdepth of plantingphytochromeosmotic potentialscarificationpriming treatment

Information

Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 44 , Issue 3 , September 1996 , pp. 570 - 574
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Literature Cited

1. Akanda, R. U., Mullahey, J. J., and Shilling, D. G. 1995. Factors affecting germination of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum), Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 48: 165.Google Scholar
2. Akanda, R. U., Mullahey, J. J., and Brown, W. F. 1995. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) seed survivability in the rumen. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 35: 27.Google Scholar
3. Arreghini, R. I. 1972. Presowing treatment for seeds of calden (Prosopis caldenia Burk). Proc. of the Seventh World Forestry Cong. Buenos Aires. 2: 1770–1773.Google Scholar
4. Catalan, L. A. and Macchiavelli, R. E. 1991. Improving germination in Prosopis flexuosa and P. alba with hot water treatments and scarification. Seed Sci. and Technol. 19: 253–262.Google Scholar
5. Chandra, V. and Srivastava, S. N. 1978. Solanum viarum Dunal syn. Solanum khasianum Clarke, a crop for production of solasadine. Indian Drugs. 16(31): 53–60.Google Scholar
6. Clark, W. M. and Lubs, H. A. 1916. Hydrogen electrode potentials of phthalate, phosphate, and borate buffer mixtures. J. Biochem. 25: 479.Google Scholar
7. Egley, G. H. and Duke, S. O. 1984. Physiology of weed seed dormancy and germination. Pages 27–64 in Duke, S. O. ed. Weed Physiology. Volume 1. Reproduction and Ecophysiology. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
8. Jauzein, P. 1989. Photosensibilite des bromes annuels (Bromus L. spp.). Weed Res. 29: 53–63.Google Scholar
9. Killian, S. and Marcon, S. 1983. Determination Prosopis spp. seed germination percentage. XV Annual plant Physiology Meeting. Tucurnan, Argentina. 86.Google Scholar
10. Macdonald, G. E., Brecke, B. J., and Shilling, D. G. 1992. Factors affecting germination of dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium) and yankeeweed (Eupatorium compositifolium). Weed Sci. 40: 424–428.Google Scholar
11. Mayer, A. M. and Poljakoff-Mayber, A. 1982. Pages 22–47 in The Germination of Seed. 3rd ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Mayer, A. M. and Poljakoff-Mayber, A. 1975. Pages 76–109 in The germination of seed. Pergamon Press, NY.Google Scholar
13. Michel, B. E. 1983. Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. Plant Physiol. 72: 66–70.Google Scholar
14. Moore, R. P. 1973. Tetrazolium staining of assessing seed quality. Pages 347–366 n Heydecker, W. (ed.). Seed Ecology. The Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, Univ. Park, PA.Google Scholar
15. Mullahey, J. J. and Cornell, J. 1994. Biology of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) an introduced weed in Florida. Weed Technol. 8: 465–469.Google Scholar
16. Mullahey, J. J., Cornell, J. A., and Colvin, D. L. 1993. Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) Control. Weed Technol. 7: 723–727.Google Scholar
17. Mullahey, J. J., Nee, M., Wunderlin, R. P., and Delaney, K. R. 1993. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum): A new weed threat in subtropical regions. Weed Technol. 7: 783–786.Google Scholar
18. Nee, M. 1991. Synopsis of Solanum section Acanthophora: A revision of interest for glyco alkaloid. Pages 25–266 in Hawkes, J. G., Lester, R. N., Nee, M., and Estrada, N., eds. Solanaceae III: Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.Google Scholar
19. Singh, M. and Achhireddy, N. R. 1984. Germination ecology of Milkweed-vine (Morrenia odorata). Weed Sci. 32: 781–785.Google Scholar
20. Smith, H. and Whitelam, G. C. 1990. Phytochrome, a family of photoreceptors with multiple physiological roles. Plant, Cell and Environment. 13: 695–707.Google Scholar
21. Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, G. C. 1967. Regression. Page 153 in Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, G. C., eds. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
22. Taylorson, R. B. 1987. Environmental and chemical manipulation of weed seed dormancy. Rev. Weed Sci. 3: 135–154.Google Scholar
23. Vincente, M. 1972. Germinacao de sementes de Solanum viarum Dunal. I: Tempo de armazenamento. Rev. Brasil Biol. 32: 585–591.Google Scholar
24. Vincente, M. 1972. Germinacao de sementes de Solanum viarumDunal. II: Temperatura. Rev. Brasil Biol. 32: 355–360.Google Scholar
25. Vincente, M. 1972. Germinacao de sementes de Solanum viarum Dunal. III: Luz. Rev. Brasil Biol. 32: 456–463.Google Scholar
26. Winer, N. 1982. Germination of pretreated seed of mesquite (P. chilensis) under arid conditions in Northern Sudan. Forest Ecology and Management. 5: 307–312.Google Scholar
27. Woolley, J. T., and Stoller, F. W. 1978. Light penetration and light-induced seed germination in soil. Plant Physiol. 61: 597.Google Scholar