Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T06:05:50.744Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of Herbicide Treatment on Leafy Spurge Gall Midge (Spurgia esulae) Population

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Rodney G. Lym  and
Robert B. Carlson
Rodney G. Lym
Affiliation:
Crop, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
Robert B. Carlson
Affiliation:
Weed Sci. Dep. and Entomology Dep., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Spurgia esulae gall midge was introduced in North Dakota in 1986 as a biocontrol agent for leafy spurge. Spurgia esulae causes stem tip galls thereby decreasing seed production and it has been most successful near wooded areas. However, a second control method is needed to reduce the leafy spurge infestation and prevent spread from roots. Imazethapyr, 2,4-D, or picloram application did reduce the number of S. esulae galls but not the number of larvae per gall. Long-term S. esulae population was not affected by herbicide application. The integration of herbicides with S. esulae would prevent leaf spurge spread from a wooded area and would reduce seed production within an area where herbicides generally cannot be used.

Keywords

Imazethapyr, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acidpicloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid2,4-D, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acidleafy spurge gall midge, Spurgia esulae Gagnéleafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. # EPHESBiological controlintegrated managementweed biocontrolimazethapyrpicloram2,4-DEPHES
Type
Research
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , June 1994 , pp. 285 - 288
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Burks, B. D. 1955. A redefinition of the genus Zatropris, with descriptions of three new species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 57:31–37.Google Scholar
2. Carlson, R. B. and Mundal, D. 1990. Introduction of insects for the biological control of leafy spurge in North Dakota. North Dakota Farm Res. 47(6):7–8.Google Scholar
3. Lym, R. G. and Christianson, K. M. 1993. In search of leafy spurge control herbicides. North Dakota Farm Res. 49(6):31–35.Google Scholar
4. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1993. Leafy spurge control with imazethapyr, imazaquin, quinclorac, and nicosulfuron. Res. Prog. Rep. West. Soc. Weed Sci. p. 1-86–87.Google Scholar
5. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1985. Leafy spurge control with herbicides in North Dakota: 20-year summary. J. Range Manage. 38:149–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Messersmith, C. G. and Lym, R. G. 1990. Leafy spurge control: 10 years of research enhancement. North Dakota Farm Res. 47(6):3–6.Google Scholar
7. Nelson, Jeff. 1994. The gall midge Spurgia esculae Gagné on leafy spurge. Masters thesis. Entomology Dept., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo 58105. 76 p.Google Scholar
8. Pecora, P., Pemberton, R. W., Stazi, M., and Johnson, G. R. 1991. Host specificity of Spurgia esulae Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a gall midge introduced into the United States for control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L. “complex”). Environ. Entomol. 20:282–287.Google Scholar
9. Rees, N. E. and Fay, P. K. 1989. Survival of leafy spurge hawk moths (Hyles euphorbiae) when larvae are exposed to 2,4-D or picloram. Weed Technol. 3:429–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Rizza, A., Pecora, P., and Stazi, M. 1982. Euphorbia spp. (leafy spurge) project. USDA-ARS Biological Control of Weeds Lab. Annu. Rep., Rome, Italy. p. 4–30.Google Scholar
11. Statistical Analysis System Institute. 1985. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Cary, NC.Google Scholar
12. Stougaard, R. N., Masters, R. A., and Nissen, S. J. 1992. Leafy spurge response to rate and time of application of imidazolinone herbicides. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 45:76.Google Scholar