Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T17:06:25.806Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of Selected Pesticides on Survival of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae, a Bioherbicide for Round-leaved Mallow (Malva pusilla)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Nelson T. Grant ,
Elizabeth Prusinkiewicz ,
Roberte M. D. Makowski ,
Britt Holmstrom-Ruddick  and
Knud Mortensen
Nelson T. Grant
Affiliation:
Philom Bios Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Res. Sci., Agric. Canada Res. Stn., Box 440, Regina, SK S4P 3A2 Canada
Elizabeth Prusinkiewicz
Affiliation:
Philom Bios Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Res. Sci., Agric. Canada Res. Stn., Box 440, Regina, SK S4P 3A2 Canada
Roberte M. D. Makowski
Affiliation:
Philom Bios Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Res. Sci., Agric. Canada Res. Stn., Box 440, Regina, SK S4P 3A2 Canada
Britt Holmstrom-Ruddick
Affiliation:
Philom Bios Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Res. Sci., Agric. Canada Res. Stn., Box 440, Regina, SK S4P 3A2 Canada
Knud Mortensen
Affiliation:
U. of Regina, Regina, SK, and Res. Sci., Agric. Canada Res. Stn., Box 440, Regina, SK S4P 3A2 Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Commercial formulations of 33 herbicides, 12 fungicides, and 16 adjuvants were evaluated for their toxic effects on germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae (C.g.m.) spores. At the recommended rates, none of the herbicides for grass weed control (diclofop, difenzoquat, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flamprop-methyl, and sethoxydim) or formulated herbicides registered for both broadleaf and grass weed control [diclofop plus bromoxynil (23:8), propanil, and propanil plus MCPA (7:2)] were compatible with C.g.m. spores. C.g.m. spore germination and appressorial formation recorded 24 h after exposure were totally inhibited by these herbicides. At recommended rates, herbicides for broadleaf weed control (2,4-D ester, 2,4-D amine, benazolin, bentazon, clopyralid, cyanazine, cyanazine plus MCPA (1:2), dicamba, dicamba plus MCPA (1:4), dicamba plus mecoprop plus MCPA (1:1:4.4), dicamba plus 2,4-D plus mecoprop (4.2:11:3), MCPA amine, MCPA-K, MCPA-Na, and metribuzin), caused no more than a 20% reduction in C.g.m. spore germination, and appressorial formation was not significantly reduced except by benazolin and metribuzin. Cyanazine and dicamba at recommended rates increased appressorial formation without reducing germination compared to the control. At lower concentrations, the other herbicides recommended for broadleaf weed control (2,4-DB, bromoxynil, bromoxynil plus MCPA (1:1), dichlorprop plus 2,4-D (1:1), imazethapyr, linuron, and picloram) were less toxic to C.g.m. spores. The fungicide triadimefon at recommended rate had no effect on C.g.m. spores. Dicloran reduced germination more than 50% at recommended rate and growth was distorted. At recommended rates, spore germination was inhibited by more than 90% with benomyl, carbathiin, chlorothalonil, iprodione, mancozeb, and thiophanate-methyl although germination increased as concentration declined. Spore germination was totally inhibited at all concentrations with ferbam, thiram, and captan. Exposure to the adjuvants—Agral 90, Alkasurf-0P-10, Atplus-555, Citowett Plus, Enhance, Renex 36, Triton XR, and X-77–inhibited C.g.m. spore germination and reduced spore production compared to the control. Spore germination was significantly higher in suspensions containing ammonium sulfate, Assist, Bio-veg, CD-407, and Tween 20, as well as with starch, sucrose, and water (control) than with the other adjuvants. Spore production was higher in suspensions containing starch and Bio-veg than in those with water and the other adjuvants.

Keywords

Round-leaved mallow, Malva pusilla Sm. ♯4 MALPUAdjuvantsappressorial formationbiological weed controlfungicidesgerminationherbicidesmycoherbicidespore productiontoxicity
Type
Feature
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 4 , Issue 4 , December 1990 , pp. 701 - 715
Copyright
Copyright © 1990 Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Anderson, R. N., and Walker, H. L. 1985. Colletotrichum coccodes: a pathogen of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum). Weed Sci. 33:902–905.Google Scholar
2. Araki, F., and Miyagi, Y. 1977. Effects of fungicides on penetration by Pyricularia oryzae as evaluated by an improved cellophane method, Pestic. Sci. 2:457–461.Google Scholar
3. Beste, C. E. 1983. ed. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America, 5th edition, Champaign, IL.Google Scholar
4. Biederbeck, V. O., Campbell, C. A., and Smith, A. E. 1987. Effects of long-term 2,4-D field applications on soil biochemical processes. J. Environ. Qual. 16:257–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Brown, A.W.A. 1978. Ecology of pesticides. John Wiley and Sons, New York p. 443–445.Google Scholar
6. van Burgh, P. 1950. Some factors affecting appressoria formation and penetrability of Colletotrichum phomoides . Phytopathology 40:29 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
7. Caesar-Ton That, T. C., Rossier, C., Barja, F., Turian, G., and Roos, U.-P. 1988. Induction of multiple germ tubes in Neurospora crassa by antibulin agents. Europ. J. Cell Biol. 46:68–79.Google Scholar
8. Deacon, J. W. 1984. Prevention and control of fungal growth. p. 216–231 in Wilkinson, J. F., ed. Basic Microbiology, Introduction to Modern Mycology, Volume 7, 2nd edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
9. Dekker, J. 1977. Resistance. p. 176–197 in Marsh, R. W., ed. Systemic Fungicides, 2nd edition, Longman Inc., New York.Google Scholar
10. Dickman, M. B., Patil, S. S., and Kolattukudy, P. E. 1983. Effects of organophosphorous pesticides on cutinase activity and infection of papayas by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . Phytopathology 73:1209–1214.Google Scholar
11. Emmett, R. W., and Parbery, D. G. 1975. Appressoria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 13:147–167.Google Scholar
12. Forsyth, F. R. 1964. Surfactants as fungicides. Can. J. Bot. 42:1335–1347.Google Scholar
13. Frear, D. S. 1976. The benzoic acid herbicides. p. 541–608 in Kearney, P. C. and Kaufman, D. D., eds. Herbicides Chemistry, Degradation, and Mode of Action, Volume 2, 2nd edition, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.Google Scholar
14. Gattani, M. L. 1954. The agar plate spore germination method for testing fungicides. Phytopathology 44:113–115.Google Scholar
15. Grant, N. T., Prusinkiewicz, E., Mortensen, K., and Makowski, R.M.D. 1990. Herbicide interactions with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae a bioherbicide for round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla) control. Weed Technol. 4:716–723.Google Scholar
16. Hatzios, K. K., and Penner, D. 1985. Interactions of herbicides with other agrochemicals in higher plants. Rev. Weed Sci. 1:1–73.Google Scholar
17. Ho, W. C., and Ko, W. H. 1980. Agarose medium for bioassay of antimicrobial substances. Phytopathology 70:764–766.Google Scholar
18. Hodgson, R. H., Wymore, L. A., Watson, A. K., Snyder, R. H., and Collette, A. 1988. Efficacy of Colletotrichum coccodes and thidiazuron for velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) control in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol. 2:473–480.Google Scholar
19. Howard, R. J., and Aist, J. R. 1980. Cytoplasmic microtubules and fungal morphogenesis: ultrastructure effects of methyl benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate determined by freeze-substitution of hyphal tip cells. J. Cell Biol. 87:55–64.Google Scholar
20. Ishida, N., and Akai, S. 1969. Relation of temperature to germination of conidia and appressorium formation in Colletotrichum lagenarium . Mycologia 61:382–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Khodayari, K., and Smith, R. J. Jr. 1988. A mycoherbicide integrated with fungicides in rice, Oryza sativa . Weed Technol. 2:282–285.Google Scholar
22. Kirkwood, R. C. 1987. Uptake and movement of herbicides from plant surfaces and the effects of formulations and environment on them. p. 1–25 in Cottrell, H. J., ed. Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry, Pesticides on Plant Surfaces, John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
23. Klerk, R. A., Smith, R. J. Jr. and TeBeest, D. O. 1985. Integration of a microbial herbicide into weed and pest control programs in rice (Oryza sativa). Weed Sci. 33:95–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Ko, W. H., Kliejunas, J. T., and Shimooka, J. T. 1976. Effect of agar on inhibition of spore germination by chemicals. Phytopathology 66:363–366.Google Scholar
25. Kolattukudy, P. E. 1987. Lipid-derived defensive polymers and waxes and their role in plant-microbe interaction. p. 291–314 in Stumpf, P. K., ed. The Biochemistry of Plants, Lipids: Structure and Function, Volume 9, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
26. Kubo, Y., Suzuki, K., Furusawa, I., Ishida, N., and Yamamoto, M. 1982. Relation of appressorium pigmentation and penetration of nitrocellulose membranes by Colletotrichum lagenarium . Phytopathology 72:498–501.Google Scholar
27. Lacy, M. L. 1974. Efficacy of two spray adjuvants in fungicidal protection of celery against septoria leaf spot. Plant Dis. Rep. 58:232–234.Google Scholar
28. McWhorter, C. G. 1985. The physiological effects of adjuvants on plants. p. 141–158 in Duke, S. O., ed. Herbicide Physiology, Volume II, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
29. Makowski, R.M.D. 1987. The evaluation of Malva pusilla Sm. as a weed and its pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. f. sp. malvae as a bioherbicide. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.Google Scholar
30. Makowski, R.M.D., and Morrison, I. N. 1989. The biology of Canadian weeds, Malva pusilla Sm. (=M. rotundifolia L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 69:861–879.Google Scholar
31. Makowski, R.M.D., and Mortensen, K. 1989. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae, a bioherbicide for round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla): Conditions for successful control in the field. Proc. VII Int. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, 6–11 March 1988, Rome, Italy. Delfosse, E. S. (ed.) Ist. Sper. Patol. Veg. (MAP) p. 513–522.Google Scholar
32. Miehle, B. R., and Lukezic, F. L. 1972. Studies on conidial germination and appressoria formation by Colletotrichum trifolii Bain and Essary. Can. J. Microbiol. 18:1263–1269.Google Scholar
33. Mortensen, K. 1988. The potential of an endemic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, for biological control of round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 36:473–478.Google Scholar
34. Mortensen, K., and Makowski, R.M.D. 1989. Field efficacy at different concentrations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae as a bioherbicide for round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla). Proc. VII Int. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, 6–11 March 1988, Rome, Italy. Delfosse, E. S. (ed.) Ist. Sper. Patol. Veg. (MAP) p. 523–530.Google Scholar
35. Neely, D. 1969. The value of in vitro fungicide tests. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Biol. Notes 64:1–8.Google Scholar
36. Nicholson, R. L., Yoshioka, H., Yamaoka, N., and Kunoh, H. 1988. Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis . Exp. Mycol. 12:336–349.Google Scholar
37. Peterson, C. A., and Edgington, L. V. 1969. Transport of the systemic fungicide, benomyl, in bean plants. Phytopathology 60:475–478.Google Scholar
38. Saskatchewan Agriculture. 1989. Chemical weed control in cereal, oilseed, pulse, and forage crops, 1989. Agdex 641. Sask. Agric. Soils and Crops Branch, Crop Protection Section.Google Scholar
39. Saskatchewan Agriculture. 1989. Seed treatments and foliar fungicide sprays for cereal, oilseed, forage, and pulse crops, 1989. Sask. Agric. Soils and Crops Branch, Crop Protection Section. p. 1–15.Google Scholar
40. Sharma, A. K., and Gupta, B. M. 1986. Evaluation of fungicides in vitro for the control of Colletotrichum state of Glomerella cingulata (Stonem). Pesticides (Bombay) 20:15–16.Google Scholar
41. Sijpesteijn, A. K. 1977. Effects of fungal pathogens. p. 131–159 in Marsh, R. W., ed. Systemic Fungicides, 2nd edition, Longman Inc., New York.Google Scholar
42. Sindhan, G. S., and Bose, S. K. 1981. Evaluation of fungicides against anthracnose of trench bean caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum . Indian Phytopathol. 34:325–329.Google Scholar
43. Singh, P. 1973. Effect of light, temperature and substrate during spore formation on the germinability of conidia of Colletotrichum falcatum . Physiol. Plant. 29:194–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Singh, R. P., and Chiba, M. 1985. Solubility of benomyl in water at different pHs and its conversion to methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate, 3-butyl-2,4-dioxo[1,2-a]-s-triazinobenzimidazole, and 1-(2-benzimidazolyl)-3-n-butylurea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 33:63–67.Google Scholar
45. Smith, R. J. Jr. 1982. Integration of microbial herbicides with existing pest management programs. p. 189–203 in Charudattan, R. and Walker, H. L., eds. Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens, John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
46. Srinivasan, K. V., and Narasimhan, R. 1971. The effect of certain phenolic and related compounds on spore germination and appressorial formation in Colletotrichum falcatum Went. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 73:81–91.Google Scholar
47. Steiner, G. W., and Watson, R. D. 1965. The effect of surfactants on growth of fungi. Phytopathology 55:1009–1012.Google Scholar
48. Thomson, W. T. 1988. Agricultural Chemicals: Book IV-Fungicides. Thomson Publications, Fresno, CA.Google Scholar
49. Vonk, J. W., and Sijpesteijn, A. K. 1977. Metabolism. p. 160–175 in Marsh, R. W., ed. Systemic Fungicides, 2nd edition, Longman Inc., New York.Google Scholar
50. Walker, H. L. 1981. Fusarium lateritium: a pathogen of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata), prickly sida (Sida spinosa), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 29:629–631.Google Scholar
51. Walker, H. L., and Boyette, C. D. 1985. Biocontrol of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in soybeans (Glycine max) with Alternaria cassiae . Weed Sci. 33:212–215.Google Scholar
52. Ware, G. W. 1983. Pesticides: Theory and Application. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
53. WSSA. 1982. Adjuvants for Herbicides. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, IL 61820.Google Scholar
54. Wymore, L. A., and Watson, A. K. 1986. An adjuvant increases survival and efficacy of Colletotrichum coccodes, a mycoherbicide for velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Phytopathology 76:1115–1116.Google Scholar
55. Wymore, L. A., Watson, A. K., and Gotlieb, A. R. 1987. Interaction between Colletotrichum coccodes and thidiazuron for control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 35:377–383.Google Scholar