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Efficacy of the Bioherbicide Thaxtomin A on Smooth Crabgrass and Annual Bluegrass and Safety in Cool-Season Turfgrasses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Joseph C. Wolfe ,
Joseph C. Neal ,
Christopher D. Harlow  and
Travis W. Gannon
Joseph C. Wolfe
Affiliation:
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609
Joseph C. Neal*
Affiliation:
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609
Christopher D. Harlow
Affiliation:
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609
Travis W. Gannon
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 276950-7609
*
∗Corresponding author's E-mail: joe_neal@ncsu.edu
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Abstract

Recent trends favoring organic and sustainable turfgrass management practices have led to an increased desire for biologically based alternatives to traditional synthetic herbicides. Thaxtomin A, produced by the bacterium Streptomyces scabies, has been reported to have PRE efficacy on broadleaf weeds, but efficacy of thaxtomin A on annual grassy weeds and safety to newly seeded cool-season turfgrasses have not been reported. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate PRE efficacy of thaxtomin A on smooth crabgrass and annual bluegrass. Monthly applications of thaxtomin A from April to July controlled smooth crabgrass through July but did not provide season-long control equivalent to an industry standard PRE herbicide. An initial application of thaxtomin A at 380 g ai ha−1 followed by two applications at 190 or 380 g ha−1 at 4-wk intervals provided season-long annual bluegrass control similar to an industry standard PRE herbicide. At 380 g ha−1, thaxtomin A reduced tall fescue and perennial ryegrass cover when applied 1 wk before seeding, at seeding, or 1 wk after seeding but was safe at other application timings. Up to three applications of thaxtomin A at 380 g ha−1 at 4-wk intervals did not reduce perennial ryegrass cover. Applications to creeping bentgrass resulted in unacceptable turfgrass injury. These results suggest that thaxtomin A can suppress annual grassy weeds in tall fescue or perennial ryegrass turf when applied at least 2 wk before or after seeding. Furthermore, repeated applications of thaxtomin A can provide effective PRE control of annual bluegrass during overseeded perennial ryegrass establishment.

Tendencias recientes que favorecen prácticas orgánicas y sostenibles de manejo de céspedes han llevado a un incremento en el interés en herbicidas biológicos como alternativas a herbicidas sintéticos tradicionales. Se ha reportado que thaxtomin A, producido a partir de la bacteria Streptomyces scabies, tiene eficacia para el control PRE de malezas de hoja ancha, pero la eficacia de thaxtomin A sobre malezas gramíneas y su seguridad en céspedes de clima frío recientemente sembrados no ha sido reportada. Se realizaron experimentos de campo para evaluar la eficacia PRE de thaxtomin A sobre Digitaria ischaemum y P. annua. Aplicaciones mensuales de thaxtomin A desde Abril hasta Julio controlaron D. ischaemum hasta Julio, pero no brindaron control, durante toda la temporada de crecimiento, que fuera equivalente al estándar PRE de la industria. Una aplicación inicial de thaxtomin A a 380 g ai ha−1 seguida por dos aplicaciones a 190 ó 380 g ha−1 en intervalos de 4 semanas brindó control durante toda la temporada de P. annua, el cual fue similar al herbicida PRE estándar de la industria. A 380 g ha−1, thaxtomin A redujo la cobertura de Lolium arundinaceum y Lolium perenne cuando se aplicó 1 semana antes de la siembra, a la siembra, o 1 semana después de la siembra, pero fue seguro en otros momentos de aplicación. Hasta tres aplicaciones de thaxtomin A a 380 g ha−1 en intervalos de 4 semanas no redujo la cobertura de L. perenne. Las aplicaciones a Agrostis stolonifera resultaron en un daño inaceptable al césped. Estos resultados sugieren que thaxtomin A puede suprimir malezas gramíneas en los céspedes L. arundinaceum o L. perenne cuando se aplica al menos 2 semanas antes o después de la siembra. Además, las aplicaciones repetidas de thaxtomin A pueden brindar un control PRE efectivo de P. annua durante el establecimiento de L. perenne de sobre-siembra.

Keywords

Thaxtomin A, (3R,6S)-3-hydroxy-3-[(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,4-dimethyl-6-[(4-nitro-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-2,5-piperazinedioneannual bluegrass, Poa annua L. POAANcreeping bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera L. ‘A1’, ‘A4’ AGSSTsmooth crabgrass, Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. DIGISperennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ‘Carly’ LOLPEtall fescue, Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire ‘Triple Threat’ blend FESARBiological weed controlbiopesticideseeding intervals
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , September 2016 , pp. 733 - 742
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor for this paper: Scott McElroy, Auburn University.

References

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