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Evaluation of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal for Weed Suppression in Turf

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Daniel T. Earlywine ,
Reid J. Smeda ,
Travis C. Teuton ,
Carl E. Sams  and
Xi Xiong
Daniel T. Earlywine
Affiliation:
Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211
Reid J. Smeda*
Affiliation:
Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211
Travis C. Teuton
Affiliation:
Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211
Carl E. Sams
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Room 252 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561
Xi Xiong
Affiliation:
Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: Smedar@missouri.edu.
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Abstract

Oriental mustard seed meal (MSM), a byproduct generated by pressing the seed for oil, exhibits herbicidal properties. In turfgrass, soil fumigants such as methyl bromide are used to control weeds prior to renovation of turf. Environmental concerns have resulted in deregistration of methyl bromide, prompting the need for alternatives. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of MSM on the establishment of selected turfgrass weeds as well as inhibitory effects on establishment of desirable turfgrasses. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 at the University of Missouri. MSM was amended in soil at 0, 1,350 (low), 2,350 (medium), and 3,360 kg ha−1 (high) concentrations. Weed species included annual bluegrass, large crabgrass, buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed. Turfgrass species included: Rembrandt tall fescue, Evening Shade perennial rye, and Riviera bermudagrass. All species were seeded into soil amended with MSM and either tarped or left untarped. All treatments were compared to dazomet (392 kg ha−1), a synthetic standard. Plant counts and biomass of all species were recorded 4 wk after seeding. Overall, tarped treatments suppressed weed emergence 27 to 50% more compared to untarped treatments, except for large crabgrass. High rates of MSM suppressed emergence of all weeds ≥ 63%. Compared to the untreated control, the density of buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed was reduced by ≥ 42% at low rates of MSM. Biomass of buckhorn plantain, annual bluegrass, common chickweed, white clover, and large crabgrass was reduced from 37 to 99% at high rates of MSM. MSM at high rates reduced stand counts of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass up to 81% and 77% respectively, compared to the untreated control. Regardless of MSM rates or tarping, suppression of common bermudagrass emergence did not exceed 30%; tarped treatments actually increased bermudagrass emergence by 22%. The biomass for tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and bermudagrass was reduced by 85, 68, and 10%, respectively, at high rates of MSM. For tall fescue, MSM at all rates strongly suppressed seed germination by 7 d after planting (DAP) (up to 100%), with additional germination observed through 14 DAP, but not thereafter. In both trials, dazomet completely suppressed emergence of all weeds. MSM appears to suppress emergence and growth of a number of weeds common in turf, with potential selectivity for bermudagrass.

La harina de semilla de mostaza (MSM), un subproducto generado al prensar la semilla para extraer aceite, muestra propiedades de herbicida. En el césped, los fumigantes del suelo como el bromuro de metilo son usados para controlar maleza antes de la renovación del césped. Preocupaciones ambientales, derivaron en remover el permiso de uso del bromuro de metilo, urgiendo la necesidad de encontrar otras alternativas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la MSM en el establecimiento cierta maleza que crece en el césped, así como también los efectos inhibidores en pastos deseables usados para césped. Se llevaron al cabo experimentos en invernadero en 2006 y 2007 en la Universidad de Missouri. La MSM fue incorporada al suelo a en cantidades de 0, 1,350 (bajo), 2,350 (medio), y 3,360 (alto) kg ha−1. Las especies de maleza incluyeron Poa annua, Digitaria sanguinalis, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, y Stellaria media. Las especies de césped incluyeron: Festuca arundinacea cv. Rembrandt, Lolium perenne cv. Evening Shade, y Cynodon dactylon cv. Riviera. Todas las especies fueron sembradas en suelo mejorado con MSM ya sea cubierto con una lona o sin cubrir. Todos los tratamientos fueron comparados con otro en donde se aplicó dazomet (en dosis de 392 kg ha−1), un fumigante estándar sintético. El número de plantas y la biomasa de todas las especies se registraron a las cuatro semanas después de la siembra. En general, los tratamientos cubiertos con lona suprimieron la emergencia de la maleza de un 27 a un 50% por arriba de los tratamientos sin cubierta, excepto en el caso de Digitaria sanguinalis. Altas dosis de MSM suprimieron la emergencia de todas las malezas ≥ 63%. Comparado con el testigo no tratado, la densidad de Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens y Stellaria media se redujo ≥ 42% con la dosis mínima de MSM. La biomasa de Plantago lanceolata, Poa annua, Stellaria media, Trifolium repens, y Digitaria sanguinalis se redujo de 37 a 99% con altas dosis de MSM. Comparado con el testigo no tratado, la MSM a altas dosis redujo el número de plantas de Festuca arundinacea y de Lolium perenne hasta un 81% y 77%, respectivamente. Indistintamente de la dosis de MSM o cubiertas de lona, la supresión de la emergencia de Cynodon dactylon no excedió 30%; de hecho, los tratamientos de lona incrementaron la emergencia de Cynodon dactylon en un 22%. Con altas dosis de MSM, la biomasa de Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, y Cynodon dactylon se redujo en 85, 68, y 10%, respectivamente. La MSM en todas las dosis, suprimió de manera severa la germinación de semilla de Festuca arundinacea hasta 100%, 7 días después de la siembra (DAP); se observó alguna germinación adicional 14 DAP, pero no posteriormente. En ambos tratamientos, el dazomet suprimió completamente la emergencia de toda la maleza. La MSM parece suprimir la emergencia y el crecimiento de un número de especies de maleza comunes en el césped, y tener potencial selectividad para Cynodon dactylon.

Keywords

Dazomet, tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thioneglucosinolates (GSL)isothiocyanates (ITC)methyl isothiocyanate (MITC)Oriental mustard, Brassica juncea (L.) Czernannual bluegrass, Poa annua L. POAANbuckhorn plantain, Plantago lanceolata L. PLALAcommon chickweed, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. STEMElarge crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSAwhite clover, Trifolium repens L. TRFRE‘Evening Shade’ perennial rye, Lolium perenne L. LOLPE‘Rembrandt’ tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. FESAR‘Riviera’ bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) PersFumigationherbicidesgreen manuresisothiocyanateturfgrassweeds
Type
Weed Management—Other Crops/Areas
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , December 2010 , pp. 440 - 445
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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