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Weed Management Strategies to Reduce Herbicide Use in Zero-Till Rice–Wheat Cropping Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Virender Kumar ,
Samar Singh ,
Rajender S. Chhokar ,
Ram K. Malik ,
Daniel C. Brainard  and
Jagdish K. Ladha
Virender Kumar*
Affiliation:
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)–India office, NASC Complex, Ground Floor, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
Samar Singh
Affiliation:
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal 132001, India
Rajender S. Chhokar
Affiliation:
Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal 132001, India
Ram K. Malik
Affiliation:
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)–India office, NASC Complex, Ground Floor, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
Daniel C. Brainard
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1325
Jagdish K. Ladha
Affiliation:
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)–India office, NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: virender.kumar@cgiar.org
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Abstract

In the rice–wheat (RW) systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, conservation tillage practices, including zero-tillage (ZT), are being promoted to address emerging problems such as (1) shortages of labor and water, (2) declining factor productivity, (3) deterioration of soil health, and (4) climate change. Despite multiple benefits of ZT, weed control remains a major challenge to adoption, resulting in more dependence on herbicides for weed control. Alternative management strategies are needed to reduce dependence on herbicides and minimize risks associated with their overuse, including evolution of herbicide resistance. The objectives of this review are to (1) highlight and synthesize research efforts in nonchemical weed management in ZT RW systems and (2) identify future weed ecology and management research needs to facilitate successful adoption of these systems. In ZT RW systems, crop residue can play a central role in suppressing weeds through mulch effects on emergence and seed predation. In ZT rice, wheat residue mulch (5 t ha−1) reduced weed density by 22 to 76% and promoted predation of RW weeds, including littleseed canarygrass and barnyardgrass seeds. For ZT wheat, rice residue mulch (6 to 10 t ha−1) in combination with early sowing reduced emergence of littleseed canarygrass by over 80%. Other promising nonchemical approaches that can be useful in suppressing weeds in ZT RW systems include use of certified seeds, weed-competitive cultivars, stale seedbed practices, living mulches (e.g., sesbania coculture), and water and nutrient management practices that shift weed–crop competition in favor of the crop. However, more research on emergence characteristics and mulching effects of different crop residues on key weeds under ZT, cover cropping, and breeding crops for weed suppression will strengthen nonchemical weed management programs. Efforts are needed to integrate multiple tactics and to evaluate long-term effects of nonchemical weed management practices on RW cropping system sustainability.

En sistemas de arroz-trigo (RW) de las planicies Indo-Gangéticas del sur de Asia, se está promoviendo el uso de prácticas de labranza de conservación, incluyendo labranza cero (ZT), para solucionar problemas emergentes tales como (1) escasez de agua y mano de obra, (2) reducción de productividad, (3) deterioro en la salud del suelo, y (4) cambio climático. A pesar de los múltiples beneficios de ZT, el control de malezas continúa siendo uno de los mayores retos para la adopción de esta tecnología, lo que resulta en una mayor dependencia en herbicidas para el control de malezas. Se necesitan estrategias alternativas de manejo para reducir la dependencia en herbicidas y minimizar los riesgos asociados a su sobreuso, incluyendo la evolución de resistencia a herbicidas. Los objetivos de esta revisión son (1) resumir y resaltar los esfuerzos de investigación en el manejo no-químico de malezas en sistemas ZT RW e (2) identificar las necesidades futuras de investigación sobre ecología y manejo de malezas para facilitar el éxito en la adopción de estos sistemas. En sistemas ZT RW, el residuo del cultivo puede jugar un rol central en la supresión de malezas mediante efectos de cobertura sobre la emergencia y la depredación de semillas. En arroz ZT, la cobertura con residuos de trigo (5 t ha−1) redujo la densidad de malezas 22 a 76% y promovió la depredación de malezas de RW, incluyendo semillas de Phalaris minor y Echinochloa crus-galli. Para trigo RW, la cobertura con residuos de trigo (6 a 10 t ha−1) en combinación con siembra temprana redujo la emergencia de P. minor en más de 80%. Otras estrategias no-químicas promisorias que pueden ser útiles para suprimir malezas en sistemas ZT RW incluyen el uso de semilla certificada, el uso de cultivares competitivos contra las malezas, y prácticas de siembra retrasada, coberturas vivas (e.g. Sesbania rostrata como co-cultivo), prácticas de manejo de agua y nutrientes que cambien la relación de competencia maleza-cultivo en favor del cultivo. Sin embargo, más investigación sobre características de emergencia y efectos de diferentes residuos de cultivos como coberturas sobre especies clave en ZT, coberturas vivas y mejoramiento genético de los cultivos para supresión de malezas fortalecerá los programas de manejo no-químico de malezas. Se necesitan esfuerzos para integrar múltiples tácticas y para evaluar los efectos en el largo plazo de las prácticas no-químicas de manejo de malezas sobre la sostenibilidad de sistemas de cultivos RW.

Keywords

Barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauvlittleseed canarygrass, Phalaris minor Retzsesbania, Oryza sativa L.wheat, Triticum aestivum L.Crop geometrycrop rotationnonchemical approachesplanting datesresidue mulchseed ratesesbania coculturestale seedbedweed competitive cultivarsweed seedbank
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , March 2013 , pp. 241 - 254
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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