Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:36:50.927Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Adapting trace mineral nutrition of birds for optimising the environment and poultry product quality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2018

Y. NYS ,
P. SCHLEGEL ,
S. DUROSOY ,
C. JONDREVILLE  and
A. NARCY
Y. NYS*
Affiliation:
BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
P. SCHLEGEL
Affiliation:
Agroscope, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland
S. DUROSOY
Affiliation:
ANIMINE, 74330, Sillingy, France
C. JONDREVILLE
Affiliation:
BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
A. NARCY
Affiliation:
BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
*
Corresponding author: nys@tours.inra.fr
Get access

Abstract

In the past, trace minerals have been inadequately considered by poultry nutritionists, as demonstrated by the scarce availability of literature. The practice of using high safety margins between requirements and dietary concentrations and the relative low cost of these essential minerals are possible reasons for this. Environmental considerations and regulations limiting trace mineral supply and improvements in analytical methods to detect putative contaminants in mineral sources have led to a need to a re-examination of trace mineral requirements. In addition, new knowledge regarding trace mineral roles in bone metabolism, anti-oxidant status, homeostatic regulation, product quality, immunology and the development of novel trace mineral sources have favoured, for the past 15 years, interests in optimising trace mineral nutrition considering other parameters than solely the bird performance. This review analyses the role of essential trace minerals (mainly Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, I, Se) in broiler and laying hen nutrition. This work aims to highlight the evaluation of trace mineral requirement, the bioavailability of trace mineral sources, especially in regards with phytate antagonism, and the main functions of trace minerals in egg, eggshell and meat quality. The impact of trace minerals on the environment (toxicity to plants and microorganisms) is considered and nutritional means to reduce the risk of environmental contamination will be explored. Finally, the possibilities of poultry product's enrichment in some trace minerals for the benefit of human health will be explored.

Keywords

poultryheneggeggshell: meattrace mineralphytate
Type
Review
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 74 , Issue 2 , June 2018 , pp. 225 - 238
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AJUWON, O.R., IDOWU, O.M.O., AFOLABI, S.A., KEHINDE, B.O., OGUNTOLA, O.O. and OLATUNBOSUN, K.O. (2011) The effects of dietary copper supplementation on oxidative and antioxidant systems in broiler chickens. Archiv Zootechny 60: 275-282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AKTER, M., GRAHAM, H. and IJI, P.A. (2015) Interactions between phytase and different dietary minerals in in vitro systems. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 13: 38-44.Google Scholar
AL ANKARI, A., NAJIB, H. and AL HOZAB, A. (1998) Yolk and serum cholesterol and production traits as affected by incorporating a supraoptimal amount of copper in the diet of the leghorn hen. British Poultry Science 39: 393-397.Google Scholar
AO, T. and PIERCE, J. (2013) The replacement of inorganic mineral salts with mineral proteinates in poultry diets. World's Poultry Science Journal 69: 5-16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BALTIC, M.Z., STARCEVIC, M.D., BASIC, M., ZENUNOVIC, A., IVANOVIC, J., MARKOVIC, R., JANJIC, J. and MAHMUTOVIC, H. (2015) Effects of selenium yeast level in diet on carcass and meat quality, tissue selenium distribution and glutathione peroxidise activity in ducks. Animal Feed Science Technology 210: 225-233.Google Scholar
BENNETT, D.C. and CHENG, K.M. (2010) Selenium enrichment of table eggs. Poultry Science 89: 2166-2172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BIEHL, R., EMMERT, J.L. and BAKER, D. (1997) Iron bioavailability in soybean meal as affected by supplemental phytase and 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol. Poultry Science 76:1424-1427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BIKKER, P., VAN DIEPEN, J.T.M., BINNENDIJK, G.P. and JONGBLOED, A.W. (2012) Phytase inclusion in pig diets improves zinc status but its effect on copper availability is inconsistent. Journal of Animal Science 90:197-199.Google Scholar
BOU, R., GUARDIOLA, F., BARROETA, A.C. and CODONY, R. (2005) Effect of dietary fat sources and zinc and selenium supplements on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. Poultry Science 84: 1129-1140.Google Scholar
BRIENS, M., MERCIER, Y., ROUFFINEAU, F., VACCHINA, V. and GEARERT, P.A. (2013) Comparative study of a new organically bound selenium source vs. seleno-yeast and mineral selenium sources on muscle selenium enrichment and selenium digestibility in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 110: 617-624.Google Scholar
BRUNE, M., ROSSANDER, L. and HALLBERG, L. (1989) Iron absorption: no intestinal adaptation to a high-phytate diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49: 542-545.Google Scholar
CANO-SANCHO, G., ROVIRA, J., PERELLÓ, G., MARTORELL, I., TOUS, N., NADAL, M. and DOMINGO, J.L. (2014) Extensive Literature Search on the bioavailability of selected trace minerals in animal nutrition: Incompatibilities and interactions. EFSA supporting publication 2014:EN-565, 1136 pp.Google Scholar
CHINRASRI, O., CHANTIRATIKUL, P., THOSAIKAM, W., ATIWETIN, P., CHUMPAWADEE, S., SAENTHAWEESUK, S. and CHANTIRATIKUL, A. (2009) Effect of selenium-enriched bean spout and other selenium sources on productivity and selenium concentration in eggs of laying hens. Asian- Australian Journal of Animal Science 22: 1661-1666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHOWDHURY, S.D. (1990) Shell membrane system in relation to lathyrogen toxicity and copper deficiency. World's Poultry Science Journal 46: 153-169.Google Scholar
CHRISTMAS, B. and HARMS, R.H. (1983) The performance of laying hens as affected by copper sulfate and methionine level. Poultry Science 62: 389-391.Google Scholar
COPPENET, M., GOLVEN, J., SIMON, J.C., LE CORRE, L. and LE ROY, M. (1993) Évolution chimique des sols en exploitations d'élevage intensif: exemple du Finistère. Agronomie 13: 77-83.Google Scholar
DAVIES, N.T. and NIGHTINGALE, R. (1975) Effects of phytate on intestinal-absorption and secretion of zinc, and whole-body retention of Zn, copper, iron and manganese in rats. The British Journal of Nutrition 34: 243-258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DAVIS, S.R. and COUSINS, R.J. (2000) Metallothionein expression in animals: a physiological perspective on function. Journal of Nutrition 130: 1085-1088.Google Scholar
DE FARIA, D.E., JUNQUEIRA, O.M. and SAKOMURA, N.K. (1999) Santana A.E.Efeito de diferentes Niveis de Manganês e fosforo sobre o desempenho e a qualidade da casca dos ovos de podeiras comerciais. Revista brasil. Zootechnica 28: 105-112.Google Scholar
DOWNS, K.M., HESS, J.B. and BILGILI, S.F. (2000) Selenium source effect on broiler carcass characteristics, meat quality and drip loss. Journal of Applied Animal Research 18: 61-72.Google Scholar
EFSA (2014) Scientific Opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed. EFSA Journal 12: 3668.Google Scholar
FISININ, V.I., PAPAZYAN, T.T. and SURAI, P.F. (2009) Producing selenium-enriched eggs and meat to improve the selenium status of the general population. Critical Review Biotechnology 29: 18-28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GRASES, F., SIMONET, B.M., PERELLÒ, J., COSTA-BAUZA, A. and PRIETO, R.M. (2004) Effect of phytate on mineral bioavailability in the second generation of rats. Journal of Trace Mineral in Medicine and Biology 17: 229-234.Google Scholar
HARMS, R.G. and BURESH, R.E. (1986) Influence of nutrient density and copper levels of diets upon performance of laying hens. Nutrition Reports International 33: 261-267.Google Scholar
HUNTER, J. (1981) Iron availability and absorption in rats fed sodium phytate. The Journal of Nutrition 111: 842-847.Google Scholar
IGBASAN, F.A., AKINSANMI, S.K., ONIBI, G.E. and ADU, O.A. (2011) The effects of dietary supplementation of copper source and level on the oxidative stability of broiler meatassessed after refrigerated storage International. Journal Agriculture Research Review 1: 53-58.Google Scholar
ISHIKAWA, S., OGAWA, M. and SAKAI, K. (2008) The effect of addition of dried agar waste to layer diet on iodine content of egg yolk and egg quality. Japan Journal Poultry Science 45: 87-92.Google Scholar
JLALI, M., BRIENS, M., ROUFFINEAU, F., MERCERAND, F., GERAERT, P.A. and MERCIER, Y. (2013) Effect of 2-hydroxy-4-methylselenobutanoic acid as a dietary selenium supplement to improve the selenium concentration of table eggs. Journal of Animal Science 91: 1745-1752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JONDREVILLE, C., LESCOAT, P., MAGNIN, M., FEUERSTEIN, D., GRUENBERG, B. and NYS, Y. (2007) Sparing effect of microbial phytase on zinc supplementation in maize-soya-bean meal diets for chickens. Animal 1: 804-811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JUNIPER, D.T., PHIPPS, R.H. and BERTIN, G. (2011) Effect of dietary supplementation with selenium-enriched yeast or sodium selenite on selenium tissue distribution and meat quality in commercial-line turkeys. Animal 5: 1751-1760.Google Scholar
KIM, J.W., KIM, J.H., SHIN, J.E. and KIL, D.Y. (2016) Relative bioavailability of copper in tribasic copper chloride to copper in copper sulfate for laying hens based on egg yolk and feather copper concentrations. Poultry Science 95: 1591-1597.Google Scholar
KIM, Y.J., PARK, W.Y. and CHOI, I.H. (2010) Effects of dietary α-tocopherol, selenium, and their different combinations on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 89: 603-608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KLASING, K. C. (2000) Comparative avian nutrition. CABI Publishing, New York, USA, 2000.Google Scholar
KONJUFCA, V.H., PESTI, G.M. and BAKALLI, R.I. (1997) Modulation of cholesterol levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poultry Science 76: 1264-1271.Google Scholar
KRUGER, J., TAYLOR, J.R.N., DU, X., DE MOURA, F.F., LÖNNERDAL, B. and OELOFSE, A. (2013) Effect of phytate reduction of sorghum, through genetic modification, on iron and zinc availability as assessed by an in vitro dialysability bioaccessibility assay, Caco-2 cell uptake assay, and suckling rat pup absorption model. Food Chemistry 141: 1019-1025.Google Scholar
KYRIACOU, B., MOORE, K.L., PATERSON, D., DE JONGE, M.D., HOWARD, D.L., STANGOULIS, J., TESTER, M., LOMBI, E. and JOHNSON, A.A.T. (2014) Localisation of iron in rice grain using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy and high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry. Journal of Cereal Science 59: 173-180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEACH, J.R.M. and GROSS, J. (1983) The effect of manganese deficiency upon the ultrastructure of the eggshell. Poultry Science 32: 499-504.Google Scholar
LEE, D.-Y., SCHRÖDER, J. and GORDON, D. (1988) Enhancement of Cu Bioavailability in the Rat by Phytic Acid. The Journal of Nutrition 118: 712-717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEESON, S., NAMKUNG, H., CASTON, L., DUROSOY, S. and SCHLEGEL, P. (2008) Comparison of Selenium Levels and Sources and Dietary Fat Quality in Diets for Broiler Breeders and Layer Hens. Poultry Science 87: 2605-2612.Google Scholar
LIU, Z.H., LU, L., LI, S.F., ZHANG, L.Y., XI, L., ZHANG, K.Y. and LUO, X.G. (2011) Effects of supplemental zinc source and level on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of broilers. Poultry Science 90: 1782-1790.Google Scholar
LINARES, L.B., BROOMHEAD, J.N., GUAIUME, E.A., LEDOUX, D.R., VEUM, T.L. and RABOY, V. (2007) Effects of low phytate barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on zinc utilisation in young broiler chicks. Poultry Science 86: 299-308.Google Scholar
LIUZZI, J.P. and COUSINS, R.J. (2004) Mammalian zinc transporters. Annual Review of Nutrition 24: 151-172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MABE, H., RAPP, C., BAIN, M.M. and NYS, Y. (2003) Supplementation of a corn soybean meal diet with manganese, copper and zinc from organically bound or inorganic sources improves eggshell quality in aged laying hens. Poultry Science 82: 1903-1913.Google Scholar
MANN, S., ARCHIBALD, D.D., DIDYMUS, J.M., DOUGLAS, T., HEYWOOD, B.R., MELDRUM, F.C. and REEVES, N.J. (1993) Crystallisation at inorganic-organic interfaces biominerals and biomimetic synthesis. Science 261: 1286-1292.Google Scholar
MCDOWELL, L.R. (1992) Selenium, in: Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition, pp. 294-311 (San Diego, Academic Press).Google Scholar
MCDONALD, P., EDWARDS, R.A., GREENHALGH, J.F.D. and MORGAN, C.A. (2002) Animal nutrition. Pearson Education Limited, Essex, UK.Google Scholar
MENDOZA, C., VITERI, F.E., LÖNNERDAL, B., YOUNG, K.A., RABOY, V. and BROWN, K.H. (1998) Effect of genetically modified, low-phytic acid maize on absorption of iron from tortillas. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68: 1123-1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MIN, B. and AHN, D.U. (2005) Mechanism of lipid peroxidation in meat and meat products - A review. Food Science and Biotechnology 14: 152-163.Google Scholar
MOHANNA, C. and NYS, Y. (1999) Changes in zinc and manganese availability in broiler chicks induced by vegetal and microbial phytases. Animal Feed Science and Technology 77: 241-253.Google Scholar
NARCY, A., ROMÉO, A., NYS, Y. and DUROSOY, S. (2015) Bioavailability of zinc oxides in broilers. Proceeding of the 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, 24-27 August 2015, Prague, Czech Republic.Google Scholar
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (1994) Nutrient Requirements for Poultry, 9th. Ed, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (2005) Mineral tolerance of animals. Second revised edition. National Research Council.Google Scholar
NAZ, S., IDRIS, M., KLALIQUE, M.A., ZIA-UR-RAHMAN, ALHIDARY, I.A., ABDELRAHMAN, M.M., KHAN, R.U., CHAND, N., FAROOQ, U. and AHMAD, S. (2016) The activity and use of zinc in poultry diets. World's Poultry Science Journal72: 159-167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NYS, Y., HINCKE, M.T., ARIAS, J.L., GARCIA-RUIZ, J.M. and SOLOMON, S.E. (1999) Avian eggshell mineralisation. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 10: 143-166.Google Scholar
NYS, Y., REVY, P.S. and JONDREVILLE, C. (2003) Zinc, cuivre et manganèse en aviculture: rôle, disponibilité et risque pour l'environnement. 5e Journées de la Recherche Avicole, Tours, France.Google Scholar
OBERLEAS, D., MUHRER, M.E. and O'DELL, B.L. (1962) Effects of phytic acid on zinc availability and parakeratosis in swine. Journal of Animal Science 21: 57-61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'DELL, B.L. and SAVAGE, J.E. (1960) Effect of phytic acid on zinc availability. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 103: 304-306.Google Scholar
OLIVEIRA, T.F.B., RIVERA, D.F.R., MESQUITA, F.R., BRAGA, H., RAMOS, E.M. and BERTECHINI, A.G. (2014) Effect of different sources and levels of selenium on performance, meat quality and tissue characteristics of broilers. Journal Applied Poultry Research 23: 15-22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OSMAN, M. and LATSHAW, J.D. (1976) Biological potency of selenium from sodium selenite, selenomethionine and selenocystine in the chicks. Poultry Science 55: 987-994.Google Scholar
PALLAUF, J., PIPPIG, S., MOST, E. and RIMBACH, G. (1999) Supplemental sodium phytate and microbial phytase influence iron availability in growing rats. Journal of Trace Minerals in Medicine and Biology 13: 134-140.Google Scholar
PARK, S.W., NAMKUNG, H., AHN, H.J. and PAIK, I.K. (2004) Production of iron enriched eggs of laying hens. Asian-Australian Journal Animal Science 17: 1725-1728.Google Scholar
PUVAČA, N. and STANAĆEV, V. (2011) Selenium in poultry nutrition and its effect on meat quality. World's Poultry Science Journal 67: 479-484.Google Scholar
RODRIGUES-FILHO, U.P., VAZ, S. (Jr.), FELICISSIMO, M.P., SCARPELLINI, M., CARDOSO, D.R., VINHAS, R.C.J., LANDERS, R., SCHNEIDER, J.F., MC GARVEY, B.R., ANDERSEN, M.L. and SKIBSTED, L.H. (2005) Heterometallic manganese/zinc-phytate complex as a model compound for metal storage in wheat grains. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 99: 1973-1982.Google Scholar
RUIZ, J.A., PEREZ-VENDRELL, A.M. and ESTEVE-GARCIA, E. (2000) Effect of dietary iron and copper on performance and oxidative stability in broiler leg meat. British Poultry Science 41: 163-167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SALIM, H.M., LEE, H.R., JO, C., LEE, S.K. and LEE, B.D. (2011) Influence of various levels of organically bound zinc on the live performance meat quality attributes and sensory properties of broiler chickens. Korean Journal Food Science Animal Resources 31: 207-214.Google Scholar
SAZZAD, H.M., BERTECHINI, A.G. and NOBRE, P.T.C. (1994) Egg production, tissue composition and mineral metabolism in 2 strains of commercial layers with various levels of manganese in diets. Animal Feed Science Technology 4: 271-275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCHIAVONE, A. and BARROETA, A.C. (2011) Egg enrichment with vitamins and trace minerals. In: VAN IMMERSEEL, F., NYS, Y. & BAIN, M. (EDS) Improving the safety and quality of eggs and egg products, Vol 2., pp. 289-320 (Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge).Google Scholar
SCHLEGEL, P. (2010) Facteurs de variation de la biodisponibilité du zinc, ajouté sous forme organique ou inorganique chez deux espèces monogastriques (porc et poulet de chair). Thèse d'université AgroParisTech. UMR Physiologie de la nutrition et de l'alimentation. Paris 6; 187 p.Google Scholar
SCHLEGEL, P., NYS, Y. and JONDREVILLE, C. (2010) Zinc availability and digestive zinc solubility in piglets and broilers fed diets varying in their phytate contents, phytase activity and supplemented zinc source. Animal 4: 200-209.Google Scholar
SCHLEGEL, P., NYS, Y. and JONDREVILLE, C. (2013) Bioavailability of zinc sources and their interaction with phytates in broilers and piglets. Animal 7: 47-59.Google Scholar
SEO, S.H., LEE, H.K., AHN, H.J. and PAIK, I.K. (2008) The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Fe-methionine Chelate and FeSO4 on the Iron Content of Broiler. Meat Asian-Australian Journal Animal Science 21: 103-106.Google Scholar
SEVCIKOVA, S., SKRIVAN, M., SKRIVANOVA, V., TUMOVA, E. and KOUCKY, M. (2003) Effect of supplementation of copper in copper sulphate and Cu-glycine on fatty acid profile in meat of broiler chickens, cholesterol content and oxidation stability of fat. Czech Journal Animal Science 48: 432-440.Google Scholar
SKŘIVAN, M., ŠEVČIKOVÁ, S., TŮMOVÁ, E., SKŘIVANOVÁ, V. and MAROUNEK, M. (2002) Effect of copper supplementation on performance of broiler chickens, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile of meat. Czech Journal Animal Science 47: 275-280.Google Scholar
SKŘIVAN, M., SKŘIVANOVÁ, V., MAROUNEK, M., TŮMOVÁ, E. and WOLF, J. (2000) Influence of dietary fat source and copper supplementation on broiler performance, fatty acid profile of meat and depot fat, and on cholesterol content in meat. British Poultry Science 41: 608-614.Google Scholar
SKŘIVAN, M., SKRIVANOVÁ, V. and MAROUNEK, M. (2005) Effects of dietary zinc, iron, and copper in layer feed on distribution of these elements in eggs, liver, excreta, soil, and herbage. Poultry Science 84: 1570-1575.Google Scholar
STAHL, J.L., COOK, M.E. and GREGER, J.L. (1988) Zinc, iron, and copper contents of eggs from hens fed varying levels of zinc. Journal Food Composition and Analysis 1: 309-315.Google Scholar
STAHL, J.L., COOK, M.E. and SUNDE, M.L. (1986) Zinc supplementation - its effects on egg production, feed conversion, fertility and hatchability. Poultry Science 65: 2104-2109.Google Scholar
STEFANELLO, C., SANTOS, T.C., MURAKAMI, A.E., MARTINS, E.N. and CARNEIRO, T.C. (2014) Productive performance, eggshell quality, and eggshell ultrastructure of laying hens fed diets supplemented with organically bound trace minerals. Poultry Science 93: 104-113.Google Scholar
SURAI, P.F., PAPAZYNAN, T.T., SPEAKE, B.K. and SPARKS, N.H.C. (2007) Enrichment in selenium and other trace minerals. In: Bioactive Egg Compounds, edited by Huopalahti R, López-Fandiño R, Anton M, Shade R. Springer, Berlin, Germany.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SUTTLE, N.F. (2010) The mineral nutrition of livestock, 4th edition CABI Publishing, New York, USA.Google Scholar
SWIATKIEWICZ, S., ARCZEWSKA-WLOSEK, A. and JOZEFIAK, D. (2014) The efficacy of organically bound minerals in poultry nutrition: review and implications of recent studies. World's Poultry Science Journal 70: 475-485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNDERWOOD, E.J. and SUTTLE, N.F. (1999) The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3th edition CAB International, Wallingford UK.Google Scholar
WANG, Z.G., PAN, X.J., PENG, Z.Q., ZHAO, R.Q. and ZHOU, G.H. (2009) Methionine and selenium yeast supplementation of the maternal diets affects color, water-holding capacity, and oxidative stability of their male offspring meat at the early stage. Poultry Science 88: 1096-1101.Google Scholar
WATSON, R.R. (2002) Egg and health promotion. Iowa State Press.Google Scholar
XIAO, J.F., ZHANG, Y.N., WU, S.G., ZHANG, H.J., YUE, H.Y. and QI, G.H. (2014) Manganese supplementation enhances the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan in eggshell membrane: a strategy to improve eggshell quality in laying hens. Poultry Science 93: 380-388.Google Scholar
XIAO, J.F., WU, S.G., ZHANG, H.J., YUE, H.Y., WANG, J., JI, F. and QI, G.H. (2015) Bio-efficacy comparison of organically bound manganese with inorganic manganese for eggshell quality in Hy-Line Brown laying hens. Poultry Science 94: 1871-1878.Google Scholar
YALÇIN, S., KAHRAMAN, Z., YALÇIN, S., YALÇIN, S.S. and DEDEOĞLU, H.E. (2004) Effect of supplementary iodine on the performance and egg traits of laying hens. British Poultry Science 45: 499-503.Google Scholar
YANG, W.L., CHEN, Y.P., CHENG, Y.F., LI, X.H., ZHANG, R.Q., WEN, C. and ZHOU, Y.M. (2016) An evaluation of zinc bearing palygorskite inclusion on the growth performance, mineral content, meat quality, and antioxidant status of broilers. Poultry Science 95: 878-885.Google Scholar