Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T23:57:28.340Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An update on ascorbic acid in poultry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

C.C. Whitehead  and
T. Keller
C.C. Whitehead*
Affiliation:
Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland and BASF, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
T. Keller
Affiliation:
Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland and BASF, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
*
*Corresponding author: e-mail: colin.whitehead@bbsrc.ac.uk
Get access

Abstract

This paper provides a review of research on ascorbic acid as a nutrient in poultry published subsequent to a major review in this journal in 1986. Further experiments have confirmed the effects of a nutritional supply of AA in limiting the metabolic signs of stress and alleviation of the physiological consequences of stress is manifest in the performance, immunological competence and behaviour of birds. Birds under stress can recognise the stress-relieving properties of a diet containing AA and increase their intake of it, though they require a colour association to make the correct diet selection. Practical studies have generally confirmed the experimental findings, though the responses have been more variable, perhaps because of the greater difficulty in establishing the degree of stress experienced by birds under practical conditions. Optimum responses in growth, feed efficiency and/or liveability in broilers under heat stress seem to occur with supplements of about 250 mg AA/kg. Laying hens under stress, particularly climatic stress, have also shown responses to supplemental AA. This has resulted in improvements in liveability, food intake, egg production and egg quality with dietary AA concentrations in the range 250–400 mg/kg. AA can be beneficial in countering the adverse effects on shell quality of drinking water containing a high concentration of salts. The AA concentrations that have been found to be effective lie in the range 1–2 g AA/kg feed or /I drinking water, though it is possible that breed differences or additional stress factors might affect the response. Studies on the role of AA in the growth of poultry bone and connective tissues have suggested possible benefits of dietary supplementation in some stress or disease situations. AA has also been shown to interact with a number of other vitamins and minerals.

Keywords

ascorbic acidstressimmunitybehaviourantioxidantbone
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 59 , Issue 2 , June 2003 , pp. 161 - 184
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abd-ellah, A.M. (1995) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on performance of laying hens during hot summer months. Assiut Veterinary Medicine Journal 34: 83–95.Google Scholar
Abdel-maksoud, A.M. (1999) Influence of ascorbic acid supplementation on some hormonal and haematological response in Japanese quail exposed to acute heat stress. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds 2: 729–742.Google Scholar
Abou-el-ella, M.A. and Ismail, A.M. (1999) Ascorbic acid, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride supplementation in broiler diets at high environmental temperature. Egyptian Journal of nutrition and Feds 2: 581–591.Google Scholar
Abou-zeid, A.E., Mohamed, F.F. and EL-Soud, S.B.A. (1999) Impact of vitamin C and/or zinc supplementation on performance and immunity of broilers. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal 19: 635–455.Google Scholar
Ahmad, M.M., Moreng, R.E. and Muller, H.D. (1967) Breed responses in body temperature to elevated environmental temperature and ascorbic acid. Poultry Science 46: 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AL-Taweil, R.N. and Kassab, A. (1990) Effect of dietary vitamin C on ascites in broiler chicks. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 60: 366–371.Google ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, C.B. and Frank, D.E. (1999) The effects of ascorbic acid on in vitro heterophil function. Avian Diseases 43: 656–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Attia, M. EL-S. (1976) Effect of different levels of vitamin C on body temperature of White Russian birds during heat stress. Egyptian Veterinary Medical Journal 26: 65.Google Scholar
Aydemir, T., Ozturk, R., Bozkaya, L.A. and Tarhan, L. (2000) Effects of antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and trace elements Cu, Se on CuZnSOD, GSH-Px, CAT and LPO levels in chicken erythrocytes. Cell Biochemistry and Function 18: 109–115.Google Scholar
Balnave, D. (1993) Influence of saline drinking water on eggshell quality and formation. World's poultry Science Journal 49: 109–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, D. and Muheereza, S.K. (1997) Improving eggshell quality at high temperatures with dietary sodium bicarbonate. Poultry Science 76: 588–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balnave, D. and Zhang, D. (1992) Responses in eggshell quality from dietary ascorbic acid supplementation of hens receiving saline drinking water. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43: 1259–1264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, D. and Yoselewitz, I. (1987) The relation between sodium chloride concentration in drinking water and eggshell damage. British Journal of Nutrition 58: 503–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balnave, D., Zhang, D. and Moren, R.E. (1991) Use of ascorbic acid to prevent the decline in eggshell quality observed with saline drinking water. Poultry Science 70: 848–852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barak-Shalom, T., Schickler, M., Knopov, V., Shapira, R., Hurwitz, S. and Pines, M. (1995) Synthesis and phosphorylation of osteopontin by avian epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes as affected by differentiation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 111: 49–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bashir, I.N., Munir, M.A., Saeed, M.A., Raz, A. and Raza, F.K. (1998) lmmunomodulatory effects of water soluble vitamins on heat stressed broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 15: 11–17.Google Scholar
Behl, C.R., Kaduskar, M.R., Thatte, V.R. and Khire, D.W. (1995) Influence of dietary calcium and ascorbic acid supplementation on the performance of caged laying bens during hot weather. Indian Veterinary Journal 72: 586–590.Google Scholar
Bell, D.E. and Marion, J.E. (1990) Vitamin C in laying hen diets. Poultry Science 69: 1900–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benabdeljelil, K., Ryadi, A. and Jensen, L.S. (1990) Effect of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on the performance of brown-egg laying hens and egg quality. Animal Feed Science Technology 30: 301–311.Google Scholar
Blaha, J., Draslarova, J. and Kroesna, K. (2000) The effect of vitamin and electrolyte supplements on broiler performance under heat stress. Agricultural Tropica et Subtropica 33: 52–58.Google Scholar
Blalock, J.E. and Smith, E.M. (1985) A complete regulatory loop between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Federation Proceedings 44: 108–111.Google Scholar
Bottje, W.G. and Wideman, R.F. (1995) Potential role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension syndrome. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 6: 221–231.Google Scholar
Bottje, W.G., Wang, S., Beers, K.W. and Cawthon, D. (1998) Lung lining fluid antioxidants in male broilers: age-related changes under thermoneutral and cold temperature conditions. Poultry Science 77: 1905–1912.Google Scholar
Bou, R., Guardiola, F., Grau, A., Grimpa, S., Manich, A., Barroeta, A. and Codony, R. (2001) Influence of dietary fat source, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid supplementation on sensory quality of dark chicken meat. Poultry Science 80: 800–807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campo, J.L. and Carnicer, C. (1994) Effects of several ‘stressors’ on tonic immobility reaction of chickens. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 58: 75–78.Google Scholar
Cheng, T.K., Coon, C.N. and Hamre, M.L. (1990) Effect of environmental stress on the ascorbic acid requirement of laying hens. Poultry Science 69: 774–780.Google Scholar
Cier, D., Rimsky, Y., Rand, N., Polishuk, O., Gur, N., Shoshan, A.B., Frish, Y., Moshe, A.B., Ben Shoshan, A. and Ben Moshe, A. (1992) The effects of supplementing ascorbic acid on broilers performance under summer conditions. Proceedings of World's Poultry Congress, Amsterdam, 1: 586–589.Google Scholar
Cier, D., Rimsky, Y., Rand, N., Pollshuk, O., Gur, N., Shoshan, A.B., Moshe, A.B., Benshoshan, A. and Ben moshe, A. (1992) The effects of supplementing breeders feeds with ascorbic acid on the performance of their broiler offsprings. Proceedings of World's Poultry Congress, Amsterdam, 1: 620–621.Google Scholar
Creel, L.H., Maurice, D.V., Lightsey, S.F. and Grimes, L.W. (2001) Stability of dietary ascorbic acid and effect of supplementation on reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens. British Poultry Science 42: 96–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Criste, R.D., Taranu, I., Serdaru, M., Burlaca, G. and Burlaca, R. (1996) Addition of 1500 ppm ascorbic acid and the possibility of reducing the level of supplemental iron in the diets of broilers raised at temperatures specific to the summer season in Romania. Archiva Zootechnica 4: 21–33.Google Scholar
De Faria, D.E., Junqueira, O.M., Souza, P.A. and Titto, E.A.L. (2001). Performance, body temperature and egg quality of laying hens fed vitamins D and C under three environmental temperatures. Brasilian Journal of Poultry Science 3: 49–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doan, B.H. (2000) Effects of different levels of dietary calcium and supplemental vitamin C on growth, survivability, leg abnormalities, total ash in the tibia, serum calcium and phosphorus in 0–4 week old chicks under tropical conditions. Livestock Research for Rural Development 12: 1–4.Google Scholar
Doan, B.H. and Giang, V.D. (1998) Effects of vitamin C supplementation of a diet for 0–4 week old chicks on the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 31: 117–121.Google Scholar
Edwards, H.M. Jr (1989) Effect of vitamin C, environmental temperature, chlortetracycline, and vitamin D on the development of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. Poultry Science 68: 1527–1534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, H.M. Jr and Veltmann, J.R. Jr (1983) The role of calcium and phosphorus in the etiology of tibial dyschondroplasia in young chicks. Journal of Nutrition 113: 1568–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Fiky, A.A. (1998) Addition of ascorbic acid to relieve the adverse effects of using underground and saline water on egg quality and some physiological parameters. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal 18: 81–101.Google Scholar
El-Gendi, G.M., Iraqi, M.M. and Elrahman, A.A.A. (1999) Effect of vitamin C supplementation on some productive and physiological parameters in laying hens. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds 2: 649–664.Google Scholar
Elmoty, A.K., Hamdy, A.M.M. and EL-Latif, S.A.A. (1999) Some productive and metabolic changes of growing Japanese quail as affected by vitamin C administration under cold stress. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds 2: 695–701.Google Scholar
El-Zanaty, K. (1994) Effect of ascorbic acid on broiler chicks infected with infectious bursa1 disease virus. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 31: 334–344.Google Scholar
Farquharson, C. and Whitehead, C.C. (1995) Differentiation and mineralization in chick chondrocytes maintained in a high cell density culture: a model for endochondral ossification. In Vitro Cell Development Biology 31: 288–294.Google Scholar
Farquharson, C., Berry, J.L., Mawer, E.B., Seawright, E. and Whitehead, C.C. (1998) Ascorbic acid-induced chondrocyte differentiation: the role of the extracellular matrix and 1.25–dihydroxycholecalciferol. European Journal of Cell Biology 76: 110–118.Google Scholar
Farr, A.J., Salman, H.K., Krautmann, B.A., Gonzales, L. and Macdonald, A. (1988) Effect of high level of vitamin C dosage at 32 hours prior to slaughter on processing parameters of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 67 (suppl. 1): 85 (abstr).Google Scholar
Fleming, R.H., Mccormack, H.A. and Whitehead, C.C. (1998) Bone structure and strength at different ages in laying hens and effects of dietary particulate limestone, vitamin K and ascorbic acid. British Poultry Science 39: 434–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, D.L. and Cason, J.A. (1991) Influence of ascorbic acid on broiler shrink and processing yields. Poultry Science 70: 2191–2196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franchini, A., Bergonzoni, M.L., Melotti, C. and Minelli, G. (2001) The effects of dietary supplementation with high doses of vitamin E and C on the quality traits of chicken semen. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 65: 76–81.Google Scholar
Franchini, A., Bertuzzi, S., Tosarelli, C., Ianelli, S., Nanni costa, A. and Stefoni, S. (1994) Chronobiological influence of vitamin C on chicken immune functions. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 58: 165–175.Google Scholar
Franchini, A., Meluzzi, A., Manfreda, G. and Tosarelli, C. (1994) Vitamin C and bone tissue in broiler. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 54: 161–165.Google Scholar
Fratzer, F.H., Almquist, H.J. and Vohra, P. (1996) Effect of diet on growth and plasma ascorbic acid in chicks. Poultry Science 75: 82–89.Google Scholar
Fry, S.C. (1998) Oxidative scission of plant cell wall polysaccharides by ascorbic-induced free radicals. Biochemical Journal 332: 507–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gecha, O.M. and Fagan, J.M. (1992) Protective effect of ascorbic acid on the breakdown of proteins exposed to hydrogen peroxide in chicken skeletal muscle. Journal of Nutrition 12: 2087–2093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goto, K., Harris, G.C. and Waldroup, P.W. (1979) Relationship between pimpling in eggshells, environmental temperature and carbonic anhydrase activity of certain body tissues. Poultry Science 58 :1014.Google Scholar
Granot, I., Bartov, I., Plavnik, I., Wax, E., Hurwitz, S. and Pines, M. (1991) Increased skin tearing in broilers and reduced collagen synthesis in skin in vivo and in vitro in response to the coccidiostat halofuginone. Poultry Science 70: 1559–1563.Google Scholar
Grau, A., Codony, R., Grimpa, S., Baucells, M.D. and Guardiola, F. (2001) Cholesterol oxidation in frozen dark chicken meat: influence of dietary fat source, and alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid supplemenation. Meat Science 57: 197–208.Google Scholar
Guillot, I., Lohr, B., Weiser, H., Halbach, S. and Rambeck, W.A. (1998) Influence of vitamin C on cadmium and mercury accumulation. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 80: 167–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ha, T.Y., Otsuka, M. and Arakawa, N. (1994) Ascorbate indirectly stimulates fatty acid utilization in primary cultured guinea pig hepatocytes by enhancing carnitine synthesis. Journal of Nutrition 124: 732–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haazele, F.M., Guenter, W., Marquardt, R.R. and Frohlich, A.A. (1993) Beneficial effects of ascorbic acid supplement on hens subject to ochratoxin A toxicosis under normal and high ambient temperatures. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73: 149–157.Google Scholar
Herbert, V., Shaw, S. and Jayatilleke, E. (1996) Vitamin C-driven free radical generation from iron. Journal of Nutrition 126: 1213S–1220S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jafar, G.H. and Blaha, J. (1996) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation in drinking water on growth rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency of broiler chickens maintained under acute heat stress conditions. Zivocisna vyroba 41: 485–490Google Scholar
Jones, R.B., Satterlee, D.G. and Cadd, G.G. (1999) Timidity in Japanese quail: effects of vitamin C and divergent selection for adrenocortical response. Physiology and Behavior 67: 117–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, R.B., Satterlee, D.G., Moreau, J. and Waddington, D. (1996) Vitamin C supplementation and fear reduction in Japanese quail: short term cumulative effects. British Poultry Science 37: 33–42.Google Scholar
Kassim, H. and Norziha, I. (1995) Effects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation in layer and broiler diets in the tropics. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 8: 607–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keshavarz, K. (1996) The effect of different levels of vitamin C and cholecalciferol with adequate or marginal levels of dietary calcium on performance and eggshell quality of laying hens. Poultry Science 75: 227–1235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalafalla, M.K. and Bessei, W. (1998) The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on eggshell quality of laying hens receiving saline drinking water. Archiv für GeJlügelkunde 61: 172–17.5.Google Scholar
Kutlu, H.R. (2001) Influence of wet-feeding and supplementation with ascorbic acid on performance and carcass composition of broiler chicks exposed to high ambient temperature. Archives of Animal Nutrition 54: 127–139.Google ScholarPubMed
Kutlu, H.R. and Forbes, J.M. (1993a) Changes in growth and blood parameters in heat–stressed broiler chicks in response to dietary ascorbic acid. Livestock Production Science 36: 335–350.Google Scholar
Kutlu, H.R. and Forbes, J.M. (1993b) Effect of changes in environmental temperature on self-selection of ascorbic acid in coloured feeds by broiler chickens. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52: 29A.Google Scholar
Kutlu, H.R. and Forbes, J.M. (1993c) Self-selection of ascorbic acid in coloured feeds by heat-stressed broiler chicks. Physiology and Behavior 53: 103–110.Google Scholar
Kutlu, H.R. and Forbes, J.M. (1994a) Changes in growth and blood parameters in heat-stressed broiler chicks in response to dietary ascorbic acid. Livestock Production Science 36: 335–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutlu, H.R. and Forbes, J.M. (1994b) self-selection for ascorbic acid by broiler chicks in response to changing environmental temperature. British Pou1try Science 35: 820–821.Google Scholar
Ladmaki, M.H., Buys, N., Dewil, E., Rahimi, G. and Decuypere, E. (1997) The prophylactic effect of vitamin C supplementation on broiler ascites incidence and plasma thyroid hormone concentration. Avian Pathology 26: 33–44.Google Scholar
Lauridsen, C., Jensen, C., Jakobsen, K., Engberg, R.M., Andersen, J.O., Jensen, S.K., Sorensen, P., Henckel, P., Skibsted, L.H. and Bertelsen, G. (1997) The influence of vitamin C on the oxidative stability of broiler meat products. Acta Agricuturae Scandirzavica 47A: 187–196.Google Scholar
Leach, R.M. and Burdette, J.H. (1985) The influence of ascorbic acid on the occurrence of tibia1 dyschondroplasia in young broiler chickens. Poultry Science 64: 1188–1191.Google Scholar
Leboy, P.S., Vaias, L., Uschmann, B., Golub, E., Adams, S.L. and Pacifici, M. (1989) Ascorbic acid induces alkaline phosphatase, type X collagen and calcium deposition in cultured chick chondrocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 17281–17286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lechowski, J. and Cermak, B. (2000) The influence of magnesium on the contents of vitamin C in the tissues of chickens. Faculty of Agriculture in Ceske Budgjovice, Series, for Animal Sciences 17: 147–153.Google Scholar
Lechowski, J. and Nagorna-Stasiak, B. (1993) The effect of biotin supplementationon ascorbic acid metabolism in chickens. Archivum Veterinarium Polonicum 33: 19–27.Google Scholar
Lyle, G.R. and Moreng, R.E. (1968) Elevated environmental temperature and duration of post exposure ascorbic acid administration. Poultry Science 47: 410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marron, I., Bedford, M.R. and McCracken, K.J. (2001) The effects of adding xylanase, vitamin C and copper sulphate to wheat-based diets on broiler performance. British Poultry Science 42: 493–500.Google Scholar
Maxwell, M.H., Robertson, G.W., Farquharson, C. and Moseley, D. (1994) Ultrastructural localisation of the oxygen free radical, hydrogen peroxide, and the detection of serum troponin T for the early diagnosis of injured cardiomyocytes from broilers with ascites. Proceedings of 9th European Poultry Conference, Glasgow 2: 53–56.Google Scholar
McCormack, H.A., Fleming, R.H., McTeir, L. and Whitehead, C.C. (2001) Bone development up to 6 weeks of age in feed restricted broiler breeders fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of ascorbic acid. British Poultry Science 42: S91–S92.Google Scholar
McKee, J.S. and Harrison, P.C. (1995) Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the performance of broiler chickens exposed to multiple concurrent stressors. Poultry Science 74: 1772–1785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKee, J.S., Harrison, P.C. and Riskowski, G.L. (1997) Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the energy conversion of broiler chicks during heat stress and feed withdrawal. Poultry Science 76: 1278–1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, M.A. and Kettlewell, P.J. (1998) Physiological stress and welfare of broiler chickens in transit: solutions not problems. Poultry Science 77: 1803–1814.Google Scholar
Mitchell, M.A. and Sandercock, D.A. (1995) Creatine kinase isoenzyme profiles in the plasma of the domestic fowl: effects of acute heat stress. Research in Veterinary Science 59: 30–34.Google Scholar
Miyasaki, T., Sato, M., Yoshinaka, R. and Sakaguchi, M. (1995) Effect of vitamin C on lipid anti carnitine metabolism in rainbow trout. Fisheries Science 61: 501–506.Google Scholar
Monsi, A. and Onitchi, D.O. (1901) Effects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation on ejaculated semen characteristics of broiler breeder chickens under hot and humid tropical conditions. Animal Feed Science and Technology 34: 141–146.Google Scholar
Murray, D.L., Brake, J., Thaxton, J.P. and Satterlee, D.G. (1988) Effect of adenocorticotropin and dietary ascorbic acid on graft-versus-host reaction capacity of chickens. Poultry Science 67: 313–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noll, S.L. (2000) Vitamin C supplementation of turkey breeder diets. Zootecnica International 23: 44–47.Google Scholar
Neuman, S.L., Orban, J.I., Lin, T.L., Latour, M.A. and Hester, P.Y. (2002) The effect of dietary ascorbic acid on semen traits and testis histology of male turkey breeders. Poultry Science 81: 265–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, S. and Leeson, S. (1999) The effect of dietary supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or vitamin C on the characteristics of the tibia of older laying hens. Poultry Science 78: 85–90.Google Scholar
Orban, J.I., Roland, D.A., Cummins, K. and Lovell, R.T. (1993) Influence of large doses of ascorbic acid on performance, plasma calcium, bone characteristics and eggshell quality in broilers and Leghorn hens. Poulrry Science 72: 691–700.Google Scholar
Oruwari, B.M., Mbere, O.O. and Sese, B.T. (1995) Ascorbic acid as a supplement for Babcock hens in a tropical condition. Journal of Applied Animal Research 8: 121–128.Google Scholar
Ostrowski-Meissner, H.T. (1981) The physiological responses of broilers exposed to short-term thermal stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 70A: 1–8.Google Scholar
Pardue, S.L. and Thaxton, J.P. (1986) Ascorbic acid in poultry: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 42: 107–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pardue, S.L., Thaxton, J.P. and Brake, J. (1985) Role of ascorbic acid in chicks exposed to high environmental temperature. Journal of Applied Physiology 58: 1511–1516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, K.P. and Baker, D.H. (1996) Supplemental iron, copper, zinc, ascorbate, caffeineand chlortetracycline do not affect riboflavin utilization in the chick. Nutrition Research 16: 1943–1952.Google Scholar
Peebles, E.D., Miller, E.H., Brake, J.D. and Schultz, C.D. (1992) Effects of ascorbic acid on plasma thyroxine concentrations and eggshell quality of Leghorn hens treated with dietary thiouracil. Poultry Science 71: 553–559.Google Scholar
Pines, M., Granot, I. and Hurwitz, S. (1990) Cyclic AMP-dependent inhibition of collagen synthesis in avian epiphyseal cartilage cells: effect of chicken and human parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Bone and Mineral 9: 23–33.Google Scholar
Pinion, J.L., Bilgili, S.F. and Hess, J.B. (1995) The effects of halofuginone and salinomycin, alone and in combination, on live performance and skin characteristics of female broilers: influence of a high-protein diet supplemented with ascorbic acid and zinc. Poultry Science 74: 383–390.Google Scholar
Pleva, J., Cabadaj, R., Mate, D., Bires, J. and Korimova, L. (1994) The role of vitamin A and ascorbic acid in accumulation of zinc in hen tissues. Folia Veterinaria 38: 41–44.Google Scholar
Proteggente, A.R., England, T.G., Rice-Evans, C.A. and Halliwell, B. (2001) Iron supplementation and oxidative damage to DNA in healthy individuals with high plasma ascorbate. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 288: 245–25Google Scholar
Puron, D., Santamaria, R. and Segura, J.C. (1994) Effects of sodium bicarbonate, acetylsalicylic and ascorbic acid on broiler performance in a tropical environment. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3: 141–145.Google Scholar
Puthpongsiriporn, U., Scheideler, S.E., Sell, J.L. and Beck, M.M. (2001) Effects of vitamin E and C supplementation on performance, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and antioxidant status of laying hens during heat stress. Poultry Science 80: 1190–1200.Google Scholar
Raja, A.Q. and Qureshi, A. (2000) Effectiveness of supplementation of vitamin C in broiler feeds in hot season. Pakistan Veterinarv Journal 20: 100.Google Scholar
Rambeck, W.A. and Kollmer, W.E. (1990) Modifying cadmium retention in chickens by dietary supplements. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 63: 66–74.Google Scholar
Rambeck, W.A and Weiser, H. (1992) Reduction of tissue cadmium retention by L-ascorbic acid. Proceedings of 19th World's Poultry Congress, Amsterdam, 2: 20–24.Google Scholar
Rennie, J.S. and Whitehead, C.C. (1996) The effectiveness of dietary 25-and 1 -hydroxycholecalciferol in combating tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 37: 413–422.Google Scholar
Rennie, J.S., Mccormack, H.A., Farquharson, C., Berry, J.L., Mawer, E.B. and Whitehead, C.C. (1995) Interaction between dietary 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcium and effects of management on the occurrence of tibial dyschondroplasia, leg abnormalities and performance in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 36: 465–477.Google Scholar
Rennie, J.S., Fleming, R.H., Mccormack, H.A., Mccorquodale, C.C. and Whitehead, C.C. (1997) Studies on effects of nutritional factors on bone structure and osteoporosis in laying hens. British Poultry Science 38: 417–424.Google Scholar
Roberson, K.D. and Edwards, H.M. Jr (1994) Effects of ascorbic acid and 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol on alkaline phosphatase and tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 35: 763–773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sahota, A.W. and Gillani, A.H. (1995) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on performance and cost of production in layers maintained under high ambient temperatures. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 15: 155–158.Google Scholar
Satterlee, D.G., Jones, R.B. and Ryder, F.H. (1993) Effects of vitamin C supplementation on the adrenocortical and tonic immobility fear reactions of Japanese quail genetically selected for high corticosterone response to stress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 35: 347–357.Google Scholar
Satterlee, D.G., Jones, R.B. and Ryder, F.H. (1994) Effects of ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) on adrenocortical activation and fear-related behaviour in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 73:194–201.Google Scholar
Sayed, A.N. and Shoeib, H. (1996) A rapid two weeks-evaluation of vitamin C and B-complex and sodium chloride for heat-stressed broilers. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 34: 37–42.Google Scholar
Selye, H. (1936) A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 7: 32–36.Google Scholar
Somashekharaiah, B.V. and Prasad, A.R.K. (1991) lndian Journal of Medical Research 94B: 387–390.Google Scholar
Srigiridhar, K., and Nair, K.M. (2000) Supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or a combination of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid protects the gastrointestinal tract of iron-deficient rats against iron-induced oxidative damage during iron repletion. British Journal of Nutrition 84: 165–173.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F., Kuklenko, T.V., Ionov, LA., Noble, R.C. and Sparks, N. (2000) Effect of vitamin A on the antioxidant system of the chick during early postnatal development. British Poultry Science 41: 454–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F. and Kuklenko, T.V. (2000) Effects of vitamin A on the antioxidant systems of the growing chicken. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13: 1290–1295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F., Ionov, LA., Kuklenko, T.V., Kostjul, I.A., Macpherson, A., Speake, B.K., Noble, R.C. and Sparks, N. (1998) Effect of supplementing the hen's diet with vitamin A on the accumulation of vitamins A and E, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the egg yolk and in the embryonic liver. British Poultry Science 39: 257–263.Google Scholar
Sushil, P., Aggarwal, C.K. and Chopra, S.K. (1998a). Effect of feeding antistress agents on the performance of egg type pullets housed in cages during summer. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 33: 1–7.Google Scholar
Sushil, P., Aggarwal, C.K. and Chopra, S.K. (1998b) Effect of supplementation of anti stress agents in the ration on egg quality of pullets during summer. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 68: 667–668.Google Scholar
Takahasi, K. and Akiba, Y. (1999) Effect of oxidised fat on performance and some physiological responses in broiler chickens. Japanese Poultry Science 36: 304–310.Google Scholar
Takahashi, K., Akiba, Y. and Horiguchi, M. (1991) Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on performance, organ weight and plasma cholesterol concentration in broilers treated with propylthiouracil. British Poultry Science 32: 545–554.Google Scholar
Tolbert, L.C., Thomas, T.N., Middaugh, L.D. and Zemp, J.W. (1979) Effects of ascorbic acid on neurochemical, behavioural and physiological systems mediated by catecholamines. Life Science 25: 2189–2195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toussant, M.J. and Latshaw, J.D. (1994) Evidence of multiple metabolic routes in vanadium's effects on layers. Ascorbic acid differential effects on prepeak egg production parameters following prolonged vanadium feeding. Poultry Science 73: 1572–1580.Google Scholar
Walton, J.P., Julian, R.J. and Squires, E.J. (2001) The effects of dietary flax oil and antioxidants on ascites and pulmonary hypertension in broilers using a low temperature model. British Poultry Science 42: 123–129.Google Scholar
Wen, J., Lin, J. and Wang, H.M. (1997) Effect of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on the growth and immune function of chicks. Chinese Agricultural Sciences 145–149.Google Scholar
Whitehead, C.C., Farquharson, C., Rennie, J.S. and Mccormack, H.A. (1994). Nutrition and cellular factors affecting tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, 13–19.Google Scholar
WU, C.C., Dorairajan, T. and Lin, T.L. (2000) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the immune response of chickens vaccinated and challenged with infectious disease virus. Veterinary Inmunology and Immunopathology 74: 145–152.Google Scholar
Ubosi, C.O. and Gandu, F.D. (1995) Effect of dietary treatments of ascorbic acid on productive performance and egg quality of caged laying chickens in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Discovery and Innovation 7: 17–82.Google Scholar
Yoselewitz, I., Balnave, D. and Dixon, R.J. (1988) Factors influencing the production of defective eggshells by laying hens receiving sodium chloride in the drinking water. Nutrition Reports Internationul 38: 697–703.Google Scholar
Zakaria, A.H., Latif, A.A. and AL-Anezi, M.A. (1998) Effect of ascorbic acid on embryonic development, hatch time and growth of extended placement of broiler chickens. Archiv, für Geflügelkunde 62: 11–15.Google Scholar
Zakaria, A.H. and AL-Anezi, M.A. (1966) Effect of ascorbic acid and cooling during egg incubation on hatchability, culling, mortality and the body weights of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 75: 1204–1209.Google Scholar
Zapata, L.F. and Gernat, A.G. (1994) The effect of four levels of ascorbic acid and two levels of calcium on eggshell quality of forced-moulted White Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 74: 1049–1052.Google Scholar
Zulkifli, I., Norma, M.T.C., Chong, C.H. and Loh, T.C. (2001) The effects of crating and road transportation on stress and fear responses of broiler chickens treated with ascorbic acid. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 65: 33–37.Google Scholar