Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:48:31.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Delay in feed access and spread of hatch: importance of early nutrition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 July 2010

H. WILLEMSEN ,
M. DEBONNE ,
Q. SWENNEN ,
N. EVERAERT ,
C. CAREGHI ,
H. HAN ,
V. BRUGGEMAN ,
K. TONA  and
E. DECUYPERE
H. WILLEMSEN*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
M. DEBONNE
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
Q. SWENNEN
Affiliation:
Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
N. EVERAERT
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
C. CAREGHI
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
H. HAN
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University
V. BRUGGEMAN
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
K. TONA
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture University of Lome, Togo
E. DECUYPERE
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
*
Corresponding author: hilke.willemsen@biw.kuleuven.be
Get access

Abstract

In a commercial hatchery, chicks (or poults) hatch over a 24-48 hour period. All chicks remain in the incubator until the majority of the chicks have emerged from the shell. Once removed from the incubator, the newly hatched chick has to undergo several hatchery treatments and is then transported before being placed on the broiler farm. This means that, under practical conditions, chicks are deprived of feed and water for up to 72 hours. In addition, the time of hatch within the hatching window and the spread of hatch cause variability in the amount of time that chicks are feed deprived. Literature on feed deprivation after hatch clearly demonstrates the detrimental effects of any delay in feed access on performance of the chicks with respect to growth, immune system activation, digestive enzyme stimulation and organ development. Improved management strategies, such as shortening the hatching window or the time to first feeding by specific management measures, provide an alternative in dealing with the negative effects caused by a delay in feed access. The development of pre-starter diets that better meet the needs of the newly hatched chicks or in ovo feeding to bridge the gap between hatch and first feeding provide other alternatives in overcoming these problems. However, speculation remains regarding the importance of in ovo or early feeding, or whether the in ovo or early feeding itself is responsible for the beneficial effects reported. The aim of the following review is to discuss the current status of research into early feeding and to stimulate future and further research regarding these topics.

Keywords

feed accesshatchingpre-starter dietschickspoults
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 66 , Issue 2 , June 2010 , pp. 177 - 188
Copyright
World's Poultry Science Association 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BAMELIS, F., KEMPS, B., MERTENS, K., DE KETELAERE, B., DECUYPERE, E. and DE BAERDEMAEKER, J. (2005) An automatic monitoring of the hatching process based on the noise of the hatching chicks. Poultry Science 84: 1101-1107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BATAL, A. and PARSONS, C. (2002) Effect of fasting versus feeding oasis after hatching on nutrient utilization in chicks. Poultry Science 81: 853-859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BIGOT, K., MIGNON-GRASTEAU, S., PICARD, M. and TESSERAUD, S. (2003a) Effects of delayed feed intake on body, intestine, and muscle development in neonate broilers. Poultry Science 82: 781-788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BREGENDAHL, K., SELL, J.L. and ZIMMERMAN, D.R. (2002) Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 81: 1156-1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BUYSE, J., DECUYPERE, E., BERGHMAN, L., KÜHN, E.R. and VANDESANDE, F. (1992) Effect of dietary protein content on episodic growth hormone secretion and on heat production of male broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 33: 1101-1109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CAREGHI, C., TONA, K., ONAGBESAN, O., BUYSE, J., DECUYPERE, E. and BRUGGEMAN, V. (2005) The effects of the spread of hatch and interaction with delayed feed access after hatch on broiler performance until seven days of age. Poultry Science 84: 1314-1320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COLLIN, A., MALHEIROS, R.D., MORAES, V.M.B., VAN AS, P., DARRAS, V.M., TAOUIS, M., DECUYPERE, E. and BUYSE, J. (2003) Effects of dietary macronutrient content on energy metabolism and uncoupling protein mRNA expression in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 90: 261-269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DARRAS, V.M., COKELAERE, M., DEWIL, E., ARNOUTS, S., DECUYPERE, E. and KÜHN, E.R. (1995) Partial food restriction increases hepatic inner ring deiodinating activity in the chicken and the rat. General Comparative Endocrinology 100: 334-338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DARRAS, V.M., MOL, K.A., VAN DER GEYTEN, S. and KÜHN, E.R. (1998) Control of peripheral thyroid hormone levels by activating and inactivating deiodinases. Trends in Comparative Endocrinology and Neurobiology 839: 80-86.Google Scholar
DE OLIVEIRA, J. (2007) Effects of In ovo Feeding on Turkey Embryos Development, Energy Status, Intestinal Maturation, Gene Expression and Post-hatch Development. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University.Google Scholar
DEBONNE, M., BAARENDSE, P.J.J., VAN DEN BRAND, H., KEMP, B., BRUGGEMAN, V. and DECUYPERE, E. (2008) Involvement of the hypothalamis-pituitary-thyroid axis and its interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the ontogeny of avian thermoregulation: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 64: 309-321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DECUYPERE, E. and BRUGGEMAN, V. (2007) The endocrine interface of environmental and egg factors affecting chick quality. Poultry Science 86: 1037-1042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DECUYPERE, E. and KÜHN, E.R. (1988) Alterations in thyroid hormone physiology induced by temperature and feeding in newly hatched chickens. Acta physiologica Polonica 39: 380-394.Google ScholarPubMed
DECUYPERE, E., TONA, K., BRUGGEMAN, V. and BAMELIS, F. (2001) The day-old chick, a crucial hinge between breeders and broilers. World's Poultry Science Journal 57: 127-138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DIBNER, J. (1999) Avoid any delay. Feed International December: 30-34.Google Scholar
EVERAERT, N., SWENNEN, Q., METAYER-COUSTARD, S., WILLEMSEN, H., CAREGHI, C., BUYSE, J., BRUGGEMAN, V., DECUYPERE, E. and TESSERAUD, S. (2010) The effect of the protein level in a pre-starter diet on the post-hatch performance and activation of S6K1 in muscle of neonatal broilers. British Journal of Nutrition 103: 206-211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FERKET, P. and UNI, Z. (2006) Early feeding – in ovo feeding enhances of early gut development and digestive capacity of poultry. XII European Poultry Conference, Verona, Italy, 10-14 September 2006.Google Scholar
GONZALES, E., KONDO, N., SALDANHA, E., LODDY, E., CAREGHI, C. and DECUYPERE, E. (2003) Performance and physiological parameters of broiler chickens subjected to fasting on the neonatal period. Poultry Science 82: 1250-1256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HALEVY, O., GEYRA, A., BARAK, M., UNI, Z. and SKLAN, D. (2000) Early post-hatch starvation decreases satellite cell proliferation and skeletal muscle growth in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 130: 858-864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HARVEY, S. and KLANDORF, H. (1983) Reduced adrenocortical function and increased thyroid function in fasted and refed chickens. Journal of Endocrinology 98: 129-135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HAVENSTEIN, G.B., FERKET, P.R. and QURESHI, M.A. (2003) Growth, livability and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poultry Science 82: 1500-1508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HORROX, N. (2006) World focus: a good start, time for a rethink? International Poultry Production 14: 5.Google Scholar
KING, D.B., KING, C.R. and ESHLEMAN, J.R. (1977) Serum triiodothyronine levels in the embryonic and post-hatching chicken, with particular reference to feeding-induced changes. General Comparative Endocrinology 31: 216-223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KLANDORF, H. and HARVEY, S. (1985) Food intake regulation of circulating thyroid hormones in domestic fowl. General Comparative Endocrinology 60: 162-170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KÜHN, E.R., HERREMANS, M., DEWIL, E., VANDERPOOTEN, A., RUDAS, P., BARTHA, T., VERHEYEN, G., BERGHMAN, L. and DECUYPERE, E. (1991) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is not thyrotropic but somatotropic in fed and starved adult chickens. Reproduction, nutrition and development 31: 431-439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LILBURN, M.S. (1998) Practical aspects of early nutrition for poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 7: 420-424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MAY, J.D. (1978) Effect of fasting on T3 and T4 concentrations in chicken serum. General Comparative Endocrinology 34: 323-327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MOORE, D., FERKET, P. and MOZDZIAK, P. (2005) Early post-hatch fasting induces satellite cell self-renewal. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 142: 331-339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MORAN, E.T. Jr. (1985) Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in fowl and events through perinatal development. Journal of Nutrition 115: 665-674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MOZDZIAK, P., WALSH, T. and McCOY, D. (2002b) The effect of early post-hatch nutrition on satellite cell mitotic activity. Poultry Science 81: 1703-1708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MURAKAMI, H., AKIBA, Y. and HORIGUCHI, M. (1992) Growth and utilization of nutrients in newly-hatched chick with or without removal of residual yolk. Growth, Development and Aging 56: 75-84.Google ScholarPubMed
NICHELMANN, M. and TZSCHENTKE, B. (2002) Ontogeny of thermoregulation in precocial birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 131: 751-763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NIETO, R., AGUILERA, J.F., FERNANDEZ-FIGARES, I. and PRIETO, C. (1997) Effect of a low protein diet on the energy metabolism of growing chickens. Archiv für Tierernahrüng 50: 105-119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NITSAN, Z., BEN-AVRAHAM, G., ZOREF, Z. and NIR, I. (1991) Growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler chicks after hatching. British Poultry Science 32: 515-523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (1999a) The importance of early nutrition for chicks. Proceedings of the 12th symposium on Poultry Nutrition, the Netherlands, pp.143-151.Google Scholar
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (1999b) The effect of different types of early feeding on performance in chicks and poults. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 16-24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (1999c) Energy utilization in the newly hatched chicks. Poultry Science 78: 1750-1756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (2001) Yolk and exogenous feed utilization in the post-hatch chick. Poultry Science 80:1490-1495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (2002) Nutrient use in chicks during the first week post-hatch. Poultry Science 81: 391-399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PINCHASOV, Y. and NOY, Y. (1993) Comparison of post-hatch holding time and subsequent early performance of broiler chicks and turkey poults. British Poultry Science 34: 111-120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCANES, C.G. and GRIMINGER, P. (1990) Endocrine-nutrition interactions in birds. Journal of Experimental Zoology Supplement 4: 98-105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SKLAN, D. (2003) Fat and carbohydrate use in posthatch chicks. Poultry Science 82: 117-122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SKLAN, D. and PLAVNIK, I. (2002) Interactions between dietary crude protein and essential amino acid intake on performance in broilers. British Poultry Science 43: 442-449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SMITH, E.R. and PESTI, G.M. (1998) Influence of broiler strain cross and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poultry Science 77: 276-281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ST. GERMAIN, D.L. and GALTON, V.A. (1997) The deiodinase family of selenoproteins. Thyroid 7: 655-668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SWENNEN, Q., DECUYPERE, E. and BUYSE, J. (2007) Implications of dietary macronutrients for growth and metabolism in broiler chickens. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 63: 541-556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SWENNEN, Q., EVERAERT, N., DEBONNE, M., VERBAEYS, I., CAREGHI, C., TONA, K., JANSSENS, G.P.J., DECUYPERE, E., BRUGGEMAN, V. and BUYSE, J. (2009) Effect of macronutrient ratio of the pre-starter diet on broiler performance and intermediary metabolism. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, epub ahead of print (PMID 19747420).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SWENNEN, Q., JANSSENS, G.P., MILLET, S., VANSANT, G., DECUYPERE, E. and BUYSE, J. (2005) Effects of substitution between fat and protein on feed intake and its regulatory mechanisms in broiler chickens: endocrine functioning and intermediary metabolism. Poultry Science 84: 1051-1057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TONA, K., BAMELIS, F., DE KETELAERE, B., BRUGGEMAN, V., MORAES, V.B.M., BUYSE, J., ONAGBESAN, O. and DECUYPERE, E. (2003) Effects of egg storage time on spread of hatch, chick quality and chick juvenile growth. Poultry Science 82: 736-741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNI, Z. and FERKET, R.P. (2004) Methods for early nutrition and their potential. World's Poultry Science Journal 60: 101-111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNI, Z., FERKET, P.R., TAKO, E. and KEDAR, O. (2005) In ovo feeding improves energy status of late-term chicken embryos. Poultry Science 84: 764-770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VAN DER GEYTEN, S., VAN ROMPAEY, E., SANDERS, J.P., VISSER, T.J., KÜHN, E.R. and DARRAS, V.M. (1999) Regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism during fasting and refeeding in chicken. General and Comparative Endocrinology 116: 272-280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VELLEMAN, S.G. (2007) Muscle development in the embryo and hatchling. Poultry Science 86: 1050-1054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WERTELECKI, T. and JAMROZ, D. (2005) The effect of protein level in early feeding on yolk sac nutrient concentrations in chickens. Journal of Animal Feed Science 14: 503-506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WILLEMSEN, H., EVERAERT, N., WITTERS, A., DE SMIT, L., DEBONNE, M., VERSCHUERE, F., GARAIN, P., BERCKMANS, D., DECUYPERE, E. and BRUGGEMAN, V. (2008) Critical assessment of chick quality measurements as an indicator of post-hatch performance. Poultry Science 87: 2358-2366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar