Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:43:32.566Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. II. Plant protein sources

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

V. Ravindran  and
R. Blair
V. Ravindran
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 2A2
R. Blair
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 2A2
Get access

Abstract

The availability of soyabean meal for animal feed use in Asia and the Pacific is low. The potential usefulness of a wide variety of protein-rich plant materials which could replace soyabean meal in poultry feed formulations is examined in this review. These materials are classified into four groups: oilseed meals; grain legumes; green meals and miscellaneous. Their nutritional values are discussed with reference to amino acid profiles. The presence of anti-nutritional factors and the resulting constraints on their use are also considered.

Keywords

Asiafeedstuffsgrain legumesgreen mealsoilseedsPacificpoultrysoyabean meal
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 48 , Issue 3 , November 1992 , pp. 205 - 231
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adegbola, A.A. and Oke, O.L. (1973) Preliminary observations on the value of leaf protein/fish meal mixtures as protein supplement for White Leghorns. Nutrition Reports International 8: 313–318Google Scholar
Aherne, F.X. and Kennelly, J.J. (1982) Oilseed meals for livestock feeding. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Ed. Haresign, W.), London, Butterworths, pp. 39–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aherne, F.X., Lewis, A.J. and Hardin, R.T. (1977) An evaluation of faba beans as a protein supplement for swine. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 57: 321–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, R.M.D. (1991) Ingredient analysis table. Feedstuffs (USA) 63: 24–31Google Scholar
Ameenuddin, S., Bird, H.R., Pringle, D.J. and Sunde, M.L. (1983) Studies on the utilization of leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in poultry nutrition. Poultry Science 62: 505–511CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, M.J., Obadiah, Y.E.M., Boman, R.L. and Walters, J.L. (1983) Comparison of whole cottonseed, extruded soybeans or whole sunflower seeds for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 67: 569–573CrossRefGoogle Scholar
APO (1982) Grain Legume Production in Asia. Asian Productivity Organization, TokyoGoogle Scholar
APO (1990) Animal Feed Resources in Asia and the Pacific Asian Productivity Organization, TokyoGoogle Scholar
Appelqvist, L.A. and Ohlson, R. (Eds.) (1972) Rapeseed: Cultivation, Composition, Processing and Utilization. Elsevier Publishing Company, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
Beames, R.M. (1990) Seaweed. In: Non-Traditional Feed Sources for Use in Swine Production (Eds. Thacker, P.A. and Kirkwood, R.N.), Butterworths, Stoneham, pp. 407–418Google Scholar
Bell, J.M. (1984) Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal: a review. Journal of Animal Science 58: 996–1010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, J.M., Shires, A., Blake, J.A., Campbell, S. and McGregor, D.I. (1981) Effect of alkali treatment and amino acid supplementation of the nutritive value of yellow and oriental mustard meal for swine. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 61: 783–792CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, J. (1969) The World's Major Fibre Crops: Their Utilization and Manuring. Zurich, Centre d'Etude de l'AzoteGoogle Scholar
Blair, R. (1984) Nutritional evaluation of ammoniated mustard meal for chicks. Poultry Science 63: 754–759CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, C.E. (1969) The nutritive value of three species of water weeds. Economic Botany 23: 123–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brahma, T.C., Siddiqui, S.M. and Reddy, C.V. (1982) A study of the utilization of toasted guar meal with and without supplemental amino acid in broiler rations. Indian Veterinary Journal 59: 960–967Google Scholar
Buckle, A.E. (1983) The occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feeds. Veterinary Research Communications 7: 171–186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butterworth, M.H. and Fox, H.C. (1963) The effects of heat treatment on the nutritive value of coconut meal and the prediction of nutritive value by chemical methods. British Journal of Nutrition 17: 445–452CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buvanendran, V. (1971) Effect of rubber seed meal on hatchability of hen's eggs. Tropical Agriculturist, Colombo 77: 111–115Google Scholar
Buvanendran, V. and Siriwardene, J.A. de S. (1970) Rubber seed meal in poultry diets. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 18: 31–38Google Scholar
CCC (1984) Canadian Canola Meal. Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, ManitobaGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, L.E. (1970) Nutrient composition of distillers' feeds. Proceedings of 25th Distillers Feed Conference 25: 54–61Google Scholar
Carter, J.F. (Ed.) (1978) Sunflower Science and Technology. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WisconsinCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, V.J. and Chapman, D.J. (1980) Seaweeds and Their Uses. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 1–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Child, R. (1964) Coconuts. Longman Green, LondonGoogle Scholar
Clandinin, D.R. and Robblee, A.R. (1981) Rapeseed meal in animal nutrition: non-ruminant animals. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 58: 682–686CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couch, J.R., Creger, C.R. and Bakshi, Y.K. (1966) Trypsin inhibitor in guar meal. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 123: 263–265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coxworth, E.C. and McGregor, D.I. (1980) Effect of ammonia treatment on the glucosinolates and related isothiocyanates of yellow and oriental mustard seed. In: A Survey of the Feed Value of Various Speciality Crop Residues and Forages Before and After Chemical Processing (Eds. Kernan, J.A., Coxworth, E.C. and Moody, M.J.). Saskatchewan Research Council, Saskatoon, SaskatchewanGoogle Scholar
Creswell, D.C. (1981) Nutritional evaluation of mung beans (Phaseolus aureus) for young broiler chickens. Poultry Science 60: 1905–1909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuca, M. and Sunde, M.L. (1967a) The availability of calcium from Mexican and Californian sesame meals. Poultry Science 46: 994–1002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuca, M. and Sunde, M.L. (1967b) Amino acid supplementation of a sesame meal diet. Poultry Science 46: 1512–1516CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daghir, N.J. and Mian, N.A. (1976) Mustard seed meal as a protein source for chickens. Poultry Science 55: 1699–1703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daghir, N.J., Ullah, M.F. and Rottensten, K. (1967) Lysine supplementation of sesame meal broiler rations. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 44: 235–242Google Scholar
Davidson, J. (1973) The nutritive value of field beans for laying hens. British Poultry Science 14: 557–567CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deaton, J.W., McNaughton, J.L. and Burdick, D. (1979) High-fibre sunflower meal as a replacement for soybean meal in layer diets. British Poultry Science 20: 159–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Lumen, B.O., Gerpacio, A.L. and Vohra, P. (1982) Effects of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) meal on broiler performance. Poultry Science 61: 1099–1106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutschman, A.J. Jr, Berry, J.W., Kircher, R.W. and Sakir, J.M. (1964) Catalytic elimination of cycloprophane containing acids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 41: 175–176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dieckert, J.W., Snowden, J.E., Moore, A.T., Heinzelman, D.C. and Altschul, A.M. (1962) Composition of some subcellular fractions from seeds of Arachis hypogea. Journal of Food Science 27: 321–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Mello, J.P.F. and Acamovic, T. (1989) Leucaena leucocephala in poultry nutrition – a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 26: 1–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duke, J.A. (1981) Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. Plenum Press, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engster, H.M., Cave, N.A., Likuski, H., McNab, J.M., Parsons, C.A. and Pfaff, F.E. (1985) A collaborative study to evaluate a precision-fed rooster assay for true amino acid availability in feed ingredients. Poultry Science 64: 487–498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, R.J. and Bandemer, S.L. (1967) Nutritive value of some oilseed proteins. Cereal Chemistry 44: 417–426Google Scholar
FAO (1988) FAO Production Yearbook, Volume 41. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, RomeGoogle Scholar
Fellows, P. (1987) Village-scale leaf fractionation in Ghana. Tropical Science 27: 77–84Google Scholar
Fenwick, G.R. and Curtis, R.F. (1980) Rapeseed meal and its use in poultry diets. A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 5: 255–298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, G., Walker, H.G., Mottola, A.C., Kuzmicky, D.D., Kohler, G.O. and Vohra, P. (1971) Potential for detoxified castor meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 48: 616–619CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garlich, J.D., Bryant, D.M., Covington, H.M., Chamblee, D.S. and Purcell, A.E. (1974) Egg yolk and broiler skin pigmentation with sweet potato vine meal. Poultry Science 53: 692–699CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerpacio, A.L., Quesubin, L.T., Banes, M.S., Parcual, F.S. and Meccado, C.I. (1977) Utilization of high-fat, low-protein coconut press residues in broiler rations. Coconut Studies, Philippines 2: 31–37Google Scholar
Godin, V.J. and Spensley, P.O. (1971) Oils and Oilseeds. Crop and Product Digest No. 1. Tropical Products Institute, LondonGoogle Scholar
Gohl, B. (1981) Tropical Feeds. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
Grau, C.R. and Almquist, H.J. (1944) Sesame meal protein in chick diets. Proceedings Society of Experimental Biological Medicine 57: 187–189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, S., Bertrand, S.L., Duron, M.J.C. and Maillard, R. (1987) Digestibilities of amino acids in soybean, sunflower and groundnut meals determined with intact and caecectomized cockerels. British Poultry Science 28: 643–652CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, C.W.S. (1988) The Oil Palm. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UKGoogle Scholar
Hathcock, J.N. and Labadan, M.L. (1975) Toxicity of mimosine and Leucaena leucocephala to chicks. Nutrition Reports International 11: 63–70Google Scholar
Honovar, P.M., Shih, C. and Liener, I.E. (1962) Inhibition of growth of rats by purified haemagglutinin fractions isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris. Journal of Nutrition 77: 109–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutagalung, R.I. (1981) The use of tree crops and their byproducts for intensive animal production. In: Intensive Animal Production for Developing Countries (Eds. Smith, A.J. and Gunn, R.G.) British Society of Animal Production Occasional Publication No. 4, D. and J. Croal, Haddington, UK, pp. 151–188Google Scholar
ICAR (1970) Pulse Crops of India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New DelhiGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, F.P. (1963) Allergenic and toxic components of castor meal: review of literature and studies of the inactivation of these components. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 14: 773–780CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, L.S. and Chang, C.H. (1976) Fractionation studies on a factor in linseed meal protecting against selenosis in chicks. Poultry Science 55: 594–599CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, L., Suleiman, T.M. and Lucas, E.W. (1979) Sesame protein: a review and prospects. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 56: 463–468CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jongbloed, A.W. and Kemme, P.A. (1990) Apparent digestible phosphorus in the feeding of pig in relation to availability, requirement and environment. 1. Digestible phosphorus in feedstuffs from plant and animal origin. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 38: 567–575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kategile, J.A., Ishengoma, M. and Katule, A.M. (1978) The use of kapok seed cake as a source of protein in broiler rations. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 29: 317–322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kik, M.C. (1960) Effects of amino acid supplements, vitamin B12 and buffalo fish on the nutritive value of proteins in sesame seed and meal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 8: 327–330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klotstermann, H.J., Lamoureux, G.L. and Parsons, J.L. (1967) Isolation, characterization and synthesis of linatine, a vitamin B6 antagonist from flax seed. Biochemistry 6: 170–177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohler, G.O., Kuzmicky, D.D., Palter, R., Guggolz, J. and Herring, V.V. (1966) Safflower meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 43: 413–415CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, K.G., Venkataraman, L.V., Jaya, T.V. and Krishnamurthy, K.S. (1978) Cooking characteristics of some germinated legumes: changes in phytins, Ca, Mg and pectins. Journal of Food Science 43: 85–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuzmicky, D.D. and Kohler, G.O. (1968) Safflower meal – utilization as a protein source for broiler rations. Poultry Science 47: 1266–1270CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lease, J.G. and Williams, W.P. Jr (1967) Availability of zinc and comparison of in vitro and in vivo zinc uptake of certain oilseed meals. Poultry Science 46: 233–241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lease, J.G., Barnett, B.D., Lease, E.J. and Turf, D.E. (1960) The biological unavailability to the chick of zinc in a sesame meal ration. Journal of Nutrition 72: 66–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeson, S., Atteh, J.O. and Summers, J.D. (1987) The replacement value of canola meal for soybean meal in poultry diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67: 1699–1703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leveille, G.A., Sauberlich, H.E. and Shochley, J.W. (1962) Protein value and the amino acid deficiencies of various algae for growth of rats and chicks. Journal of Nutrition 76: 423–428CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liener, I.E. (Ed.) (1980) Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs. Academic Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Lipstein, B. and Hurwitz, S. (1980) The nutritional value of algae for poultry. Dried Chlorella in broiler diets. British Poultry Science 21: 9–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lizama, L.C., Marion, J.E. and McDowell, L.R. (1988) Utilization of aquatic plants Elodea conadensis and Hydrilla verticillata in broiler chick diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 20: 155–161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, H.K., Rakow, G., Raney, J.P. and Downey, R.K. (1990) Development of low glucosinolate mustard. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70: 419–424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, C.K., Gumbmann, M.R., Betschart, A.A., Robbins, D.J. and Saunders, R.M. (1979) Removal of deleterious glucosides from safflower meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 56: 560–564CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maga, J.A. (1982) Phytate: its chemistry, occurrence, interactions, nutritional significance and methods of analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 30: 1–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Managan, J.L. (1988) Nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds. Nutrition Research Reviews 1: 209–231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maner, J.H. (1973) Investigation of plants not currently used as major protein sources. In: Alternate Sources of Protein for Animal Production. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, pp. 96–98Google Scholar
Manwalker, S.G., Netlee, S.P. and Sathe, B.C. (1975) Comparison of nutritive value of groundnut oil and niger oil cake for laying pullets. British Poultry Science 16: 571–576Google Scholar
Marquardt, R.R., Campbell, L.D., Stothas, S.C. and McKirdy, J.A. (1974) Growth responses of chicks and rats fed diets containing four cultivars of raw or autoclaved faba beans. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 54: 177–182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, G. (Ed.) (1989) Flax: Breeding and Utilization. Kluwer Academic, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
Momongan, V.G., Castillo, L.S., Galapia, A.R. and Resurrecion, R.S. (1964) High levels of copra meal in poultry and livestock rations. Methionine and lysine supplementation in broiler diets. Philippines Agriculturist 48: 163–180Google Scholar
Monti, L.M. (1983) Natural and induced variability in peas for protein production. In: Perspectives for Peas and Lupins as Protein Crops (Eds. Thompson, R. and Casey, R.), Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 23–39Google Scholar
Moshkin, V.A. (1986) Castor. Russian Translations Series 43, A.A. Balkema, RotterdamGoogle Scholar
Munro, J.M. (1987) Cotton. Longman, Harlow, UKGoogle Scholar
Muztar, A.J. and Slinger, S.J. (1980) Bioavailable amino acids in corn and alfalfa as measured by applying the true metabolizable energy assay. Poultry Science 59: 1873–1877CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muztar, A.J., Slinger, S.J. and Burton, J.H. (1976) Nutritive value of aquatic plants for chicks. Poultry Science 55: 1917–1922CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muztar, A.J., Slinger, S.J. and Burton, J.H. (1977) Metabolizable energy contents of freshwater plants in chickens and ducks. Poultry Science 56: 1893–1899CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narahari, D., Venugopal, K., Venkataramanujam, V. and Kothandaraman, P. (1986) The effect of processing on the nutritive value of rubber seed meal for layers. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 2: 208–214Google Scholar
NAS (1976) Making Aquatic Weeds Useful: Some Prespectives for Developing Countries. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, National Academy PressGoogle Scholar
NAS (1977) Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for Tropics. National Academy of Sciences, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
NAS (1978) Tropical Food Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
NAS (1983) Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, National Academy PressGoogle Scholar
Natanam, R., Kadirvel, R. and Ravi, R. (1989) The toxic effects of Karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) oil and cake on growth and feed efficiency in broiler chicks. Animal Feed Science and Technology 27: 95–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, T.S. (1967) The utilization of phytate phosphorus by poultry – a review. Poultry Science 46: 862–871CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, T.S. (1976) The hydrolysis of phytate phosphorus by chicks and laying hens. Poultry Science 55: 2262–2264CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, T.S., Ferrara, L.W. and Storer, N.L. (1968) Phytate phosphorus content of feed ingredients derived from plants. Poultry Science 47: 1372–1375CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newland, H.W. and Mahan, D.C. (1990) Distillers by-products. In: Non-traditional Feed Sources for Use in Swine Production (Eds. Thacker, P.A. and Kirkwood, R.N.), Butterworths, Stoneham, pp. 161–174Google Scholar
NRC (1984) Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Research Council, Washington, National Academy of SciencesGoogle Scholar
Nugara, D. (1964) The use of coconut oil meal in chick diets. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 12: 40–42Google Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N. (1987) Leaf meals of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and Siam weed (Eupatorium odoratum) as nutrient sources in poultry diets. Nutrition Reports International 36: 819–826Google Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N. and Bragg, D.B. (1977) Influence of phytic acid and crude fibre on the availability of minerals from protein supplements in growing chicks. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 57: 475–477CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N., Bragg, D.B. and Kitts, W.D. (1976) The availability of amino acid from palm kernel, soybean, cottonseed and rapeseed meal for growing chicks. Poultry Science 55: 2300–2304CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N., Bragg, D.B. and Sim, J. (1987) Nutritional assessment of rubberseed meal with broiler chicks. Tropical Science 27: 195–204Google Scholar
Olumu, J.M. and Offiong, S.A. (1980) Effect of groundnut meal as the sole supplementary dietary protein on the performance of broiler chickens. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad 57: 173–181Google Scholar
Onwudike, O..C. (1986a) Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 2. Diets containing palm kernel meal for starter and grower diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 16: 187–194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onwudike, O.C. (1986b) Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 3. Replacement of groundnut cake by palm kernel meal in broiler diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 16: 195–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onwudike, O.C. and Adegbola, A.A. (1979) The utilization of Stylosanthes guyanensis meal by broiler chicks. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad 56: 333–338Google Scholar
Onwueme, I.C. (1978) The Tropical Tuber Crops: Yam, Cassava, Sweet Potato and Cocoyam. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester and New YorkGoogle Scholar
Panan, A., Venugopalan, C.K. and Unni, A.K.K. (1978) Feeding value of rubber seed meal for laying hens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 13: 139–143Google Scholar
Panigrahi, S. (1989) Effects on egg production of including high residual lipid copra meal in laying hen diets. British Poultry Science 30: 305–312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papadopoulos, M.C. (1985) Estimations of amino acid digestibility and availability in feedstuffs for poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 40: 63–71Google Scholar
Peterson, S.W. (1958) Linseed oil meal. In: Processed Plant Protein Foodstuffs (Ed. Altschul, A.M.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 593–615Google Scholar
Phelps, R.A. (1966) Cotton seed meal for poultry: from research to practical application. World's Poultry Science Journal 22: 86–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, R.A., Shenstone, F.S., Kemmerer, A.R. and Evans, R. (1965) A review of cyclopropenoid compounds: biological effects of some derivatives. Poultry Science 44: 358–394CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirie, N.W. (1971) Leaf Protein: Its Agronomy, Preparation, Quality and Use, IBP Handbook 20. Blackwell Scientific, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Pirie, N.W. (1978) Leaf Protein and other Aspects of Fodder Fractionation. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Polhamus, L.G. (1962) Rubber: Botany, Production and Utilization. Leonard Hill (Books) Ltd, LondonGoogle Scholar
Prasad, D., Sagar, V. and Pradhan, K. (1978) Nutritional evaluation of processed guar meal for layers. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 13: 218–222Google Scholar
Raj, A.G., Kothandaraman, P. and Kadirvel, R. (1981) Safflower seed meal: a source of vegetable protein for poultry. Indian Poultry Gazette 12: 13–17Google Scholar
Rajaguru, A.S.B. (1971) Effects of rubber seed meal on the performance of the mature chick. Journal of the National Agricultural Society of Ceylon 8: 38–47Google Scholar
Rajaguru, A.S.B. (1977) Gingelly oil meal as a protein source for broiler chicken. Journal of the National Agricultural Society of Ceylon 14: 85–94Google Scholar
Ranaweera, K.N.P., Siriwardene, J.A. de S. and Manamperi, H.B. (1981) The feeding value of gliricidia leaf meal for broiler chickens. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 29: 4–6Google Scholar
Ranjhan, S.K. (1980) Animal Nutrition in the Tropics, 2nd edn. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, IndiaGoogle Scholar
Rao, P.V. (1987) Chemical composition and biological evaluation of debittered neem (Azadiracta indica) seed kernel cake. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 64: 1348–1351Google Scholar
Ravindran, G. (1991) Studies on millets: proximate composition, mineral composition and phytate and oxalate contents. Food Chemistry 39: 99–107CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, V. and Blair, R. (1991) Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. 1. Energy sources. World's Poultry Science Journal 47: 213–231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, V. and Ravindran, G. (1988a) Nutritional and antinutritional characteristics of mucuna bean seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 46: 71–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, G. and Ravindran, V. (1988b) Nutritional and antinutritional characteristics of para-rubber seeds. Food Chemistry 30: 93–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, V. and Wijesiri, C.J. (1987) Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal as an animal feed. I. Composition and nutritive value for growing chicks. Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 25: 94–100Google Scholar
Ravindran, V., Kornegay, E.T., Rajaguru, A.S.B., Potter, L.M. and Cherry, J.A. (1986) Cassava leaf meal as a replacement for coconut oil meal in broiler diets. Poultry Science 65: 1720–1727CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, V., Kornegay, E.T. and Rajaguru, A.S.B. (1987a) Influence of processing methods and storage time on the cyanide potential of cassava leaf meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology 17: 227–234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, V., Rajaguru, A.S.B. and De Silva, C. (1987b) Evaluation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell-Arg) seed meal in White Leghorn cockerel diets. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 108: 505–508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, C.V., Rao, P.V. and Qudratullah, S. (1988) Development of novel feed resources and utilization of poultry wastes. Proceedings XVIII World's Poultry Congress,Nagoya, Japan, pp. 136–141Google Scholar
Reddy, N.R. and Salunkhe, D.K. (1980) Effects of fermentation on phytate phosphorus and minerals of blackgram, rice and blackgram rice blends. Journal of Food Science 45: 1708–1712CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, N.R., Sathe, S.K. and Salunkhe, D.K. (1982) Phytates in legumes and cereals. Advances in Food Research 28: 1–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, R. (1975) Nutritive value of oilseed cakes and meals. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Animal Feeds of Tropical and Sub-tropical Origin. Tropical Products Institute, London, pp. 171–177Google Scholar
Ross, E. and Enriquez, F.Q. (1969) The nutritive value of cassava leaf meal. Poultry Science 48: 846–853CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, F.X. (1980) Micro-organisms as a source of protein for animal nutrition. Animal Research and Development 12: 7–19Google Scholar
Sahai, B. and Kehar, N.D. (1968) Investigations on subsidiary feeds. Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed as a feed for livestock. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry 38: 670–673Google Scholar
Salunkhe, D.K., Jadhav, S.J., Kadam, S.S. and Chavan, J.K. (1982) Chemical, biochemical and biological significance of polyphenols in cereals and legumes. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 17: 277–305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarwar, G. and Bell, J.M. (1980) Effects of sodium and ferrous salt treatments on the nutritional value of yellow mustard seed meal (B. hirta) for swine and mice. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 60: 447–459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarwar, G., Bell, J.M., Sharby, T.F. and Jones, J.D. (1981) Nutritional evaluation of meals and meal fractions derived from rape and mustard seed. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 61: 719–733CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaible, P.J., Moore, L.A. and Moore, J.M. (1934) Gossypol, a cause of discolouration in egg yolks. Science (London) 79: 372Google ScholarPubMed
Shoji, K., Tajima, M., Totsuka, K. and Iwai, H. (1966) Feeding value of safflower meal. Japanese Poultry Science 3: 63–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibbald, I.R. (1979) Bioavailable amino acids and true metabolizable energy of cereals. Poultry Science 58: 934–939CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, K.S. and Prasad, C.M. (1979) Feeding value of groundnut and sunflower cakes for broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 4: 143–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, K.S., Prasad, C.M. and Brahmakshe, T. (1981) Feeding value of sunflower and groundnut cakes for laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 6: 63–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singleton, V.L. and Kratzer, F.H. (1969) Toxicity and related physiological activity of phenolic substances of plant origin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 17: 497–512CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siriwardene, J.A. de S. and Manamperi, H.B. (1979) Effect of feeding kapok seed meal on growth of broiler chickens. Ceylon Veterinaray Journal 27: 26–28Google Scholar
Smith, K.J. (1968) A review of the nutritional value of sunflower meal. Feedstuffs (USA) 40: 20–22Google Scholar
Smith, K.J. (1970) Special cottonseed products report. Nutrient composition of cottonseed meal. Feedstuffs (USA) 42: 19–20Google Scholar
Smith, K.J. (1977) Soybean meal: production, composition and utilization. Feedstuffs (USA) 49: 22–25Google Scholar
Smith, O.B., Ilori, J.O. and Onesirosan, P. (1984) The proximate composition and nutritive value of the winged bean for broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 11: 231–237CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R.E. and Scott, H.M. (1965) Use of free amino acid concentrations in blood plasma in evaluationg the amino acid adequacy of intact proteins for chick growth. II. Free amino acid patterns of blood plasma of chicks fed sesame and raw, heated and overheated soybean meals. Journal of Nutrition 86: 45–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spies, J.R., Coulstan, E.J., Bernton, H.S., Wells, P.A. and Stevens, H. (1962) The chemistry of allergens. Inactivation of the castor bean allergens and ricin by heating with aqueous calcium hydroxide. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 10: 140–144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squibb, R.L. (1962) Utilization of forages for poultry nutrition in the Pacific area. World's Poultry Science Journal 18: 418–426Google Scholar
Subudhi, B.P.R and Singh, P.K. (1978) Nutritive value of the water fern Azolla pinnate for chicks. Poultry Science 57: 378–380CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summerfield, R.J. and Roberts, E.H. (1985) Grain Legume Crops. Collins, LondonGoogle Scholar
Sunder, G.S., Mather, C.R., Siddiqui, S.M. and Reddy, C.V. (1978) A study on the comparative efficiency of alfalfa and siratro (Macroptellium) plant meals in layer rations. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 13: 23–26Google Scholar
Takada, K., Nakazato, T., Ono, K., Honda, H. and Yamane, T. (1980) Feeding value of leaf meal of acacia in poultry feed. Japanese Poultry Science 17: 299–305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tangtaweewipat, S. and Elliot, R. (1989) Nutritional value of pigeon pea meal in poultry diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 25: 123–135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thanu, K., Kadirvel, R. and Ayyaluswami, P. (1983) The effect of nutrient supplementation on the feeding value of kapok seed for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology 9: 263–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, O.A. and Scott, M.L. (1962) Coconut meal as a protein supplement in practical poultry diets. Poultry Science 41: 477–485CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todorov, N.A. (1988) Livestock feed resources and feed evaluation in Europe. II. Feedstuffs. 3. Cereals, pulses and oilseeds. Livestock Production Science 19: 47–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toma, R.B., Tabekhia, M.M. and Williams, J.D. (1979) Phytate and oxalate contents in sesame seed. Nutrition Reports International 20: 25–31Google Scholar
Verma, S.V.S. and McNab, J.M. (1982) Guar meal in diets for broiler chicken. British Poultry Science 23: 95–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilhjalmsdottir, L. and Fisher, H. (1971) Castor meal as a protein source for chickens: detoxification and determination of limiting amino acid. Journal of Nutrition 101: 1185–1192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vohra, P. and Kratzer, F.H. (1965) Improvement of guar meal by enzymes. Poultry Science 44: 1202–1205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldroup, P.W. (1981) Cottonseed meal in poultry diets. Feedstuffs (USA) 53: 21–24Google Scholar
Waldroup, P.W. (1984) Whole soybeans for poultry feeds. World's Poultry Science Journal 38: 28–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, J.T., Basford, W.D., Hawkins, J.H. and Holliday, J.M. (1985) Oilseed Rape. Farming Press Ltd, Suffolk, UKGoogle Scholar
Waterworth, D.G. (1981) Single cell protein. Outlook on Agriculture 10: 403–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, E.A. (1971) Castor, Sesame and Safflower. Leonard Hill, LondonGoogle Scholar
Weiss, E.A. (1983) Oilseed Crops, 1st edn., Tropical Agriculture Series. Longman, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, J.R. (Ed.) (1987) Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WisconsinGoogle Scholar
Wolf, W.J. and Cowan, J.C. (Eds.) (1975) Soybean as a Food Source. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FloridaGoogle Scholar
Wyllie, D. and Chamanga, P.J. (1979) Cassava leaf meal in broiler diets. Tropical Animal Production 4: 232–240Google Scholar
Yeong, S.W. and Syed Ali, A.B. (1979) The use of rubber seed meal in poultry. 1. The effect of varying levels of rubber seed meal in broiler diets. MARDI Research Bulletin 7: 127–134Google Scholar
Yeong, S.W., Syed Ali, A.B. and Yusof, N. (1981) The use of rubber seed meal in poultry. 2. The effect of rubber seed meal in layer diets. MARDI Research Bulletin 9: 92–96Google Scholar
Yoshida, M. and Hoshii, H. (1982) Nutritive value of new type of Chlorella for poultry feed. Japanese Poultry Science 19: 56–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R.D. and Halloran, H.R. (1962) Decorticated safflower meal in chick rations. Poultry Science 41: 1696–1697Google Scholar