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When pain and stress interact: looking at stress-induced analgesia and hyperalgesia in birds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 August 2019

B.I. BAKER ,
K.L. MACHIN  and
K. SCHWEAN-LARDNER
B.I. BAKER
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Canada
K.L. MACHIN
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, Canada
K. SCHWEAN-LARDNER*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Canada
*
Corresponding author: Karen.schwean@usask.ca
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Abstract

Stress can exert modulatory effects on pain perception in animals, as exposure to a stressor can result in either the reduction or amplification of the perceived severity of pain. These phenomena are widely described as stress-induced analgesia (SIA) and stress-induced hyperalgesia (SIH). The two are mediated by the same underlying mechanisms, but occur due to different stressors and different responses from the pain pathway. SIA and SIH have been demonstrated with a variety of stress and pain stimuli in rodents, humans and other mammals. There is some evidence that SIA occurs in birds and that they have the neurological systems and brain regions necessary for SIH. Tonic immobility (TI) is related to SIA in mammals, and there is evidence the avian brain is compatible with TI having analgesic effect, but it could have a hyperalgesic effect. This review looks at the mechanisms and evidence of SIA, SIH and TI in mammals and discusses evidence relating to the occurrence of these phenomena in birds.

Keywords

tonic immobilitypain modulationaviannociceptionanalgesiastressendogenous analgesiabrain
Type
Review
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 75 , Issue 3 , September 2019 , pp. 457 - 468
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2019 

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