Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T10:05:03.213Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chicken processing: impact, co-products and potential

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

A.R. SEIDAVI Open the ORCID record for A.R. SEIDAVI [Opens in a new window] ,
H. ZAKER-ESTEGHAMATI  and
C.G. SCANES
A.R. SEIDAVI*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
H. ZAKER-ESTEGHAMATI
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
C.G. SCANES
Affiliation:
Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
*
Corresponding author: alirezaseidavi@iaurasht.ac.ir
Get access

Abstract

Processing poultry results in considerable waste and/or by-products. Assuming a 70% yield during processing, the aggregate of waste from processing chickens for meat globally is 45.9 million tons. The nitrogen in processing waste and by-products globally is 1.3 million metric tons; equivalent to 49% of nitrogen in poultry excreta globally. If yield increased to 80%, as seen in the USA, there is a concomitant reduction in processing waste. If this were extended globally, there would be a 19.1 million metric ton reduction in processing waste. The global cost of processing chicken has been calculated as 51.3 x 109 MJ (equivalent to 0.06% of agricultural/food energy usage). The environmental costs of processing include energy, high quality (potable) water usage (estimated at about 30 litres per bird) and large quantities of organic solids and ‘dirty’ water as by-products together with contamination of surface and of ground water. There is a case for viewing poultry waste as a resource. These co-products could be used as human foods, high protein animal feed ingredients (after rendering), high value health related products (e.g. collagen, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate), bioenergy (e.g. biodiesel) and other products. The following review focuses on estimating the amount of processing waste and approaches to reduce processing waste, such as increasing yield and considering waste as a resource or, at least potential, co-product.

Keywords

processing wastequalificationco-productby-productefficiency
Type
Review
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 75 , Issue 1 , March 2019 , pp. 55 - 68
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABDEL-AZIZ, D.M. (2013) Detection of Salmonella typhimurium in retail chicken meat and chicken giblets. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 3: 678-681.Google Scholar
ABERLE, E.D., FORREST, J.C., GERRARD, D.E., MILLS, E.W., HENDRICK, H.B., JUDGE, M.D. and MERKEL, R.A. (2001) Principles of Meat Science, 4th Ed (Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, IA).Google Scholar
ARNOLD, J.W. (2007) Bacterial contamination on rubber picker fingers before, during, and after processing. Poultry Science 86: 2671-2675.Google Scholar
ARVANITOYANNIS, I. S. and LADAS, D. (2008) Meat waste treatment methods and potential uses. International Journal of Food Science Technology 43: 543-559.Google Scholar
BAKER, D.H., BLITENTHAL, R.C., BOEBEL, K.P., CZARNECKI, G.L., SOUTHERN, L.L. and WILLIS, G.M. (1981) Protein-amino acid evaluation of steam-processed feather meal. Poultry Science 60: 1865-1872.Google Scholar
BECKER, G.S. (2004) Animal rendering: economics and policy. Congressional Report RS21771.Google Scholar
BIELORAI, R., HARDUF, Z., IOSIF, B. and ALUMOT, E. (1983) Apparent amino acid absorption from FM by chicks. British Journal of Nutrition 49: 395-399.Google Scholar
BUHR, R.J., WALKER, J.M., BOURASSA, D.V., CAUDILL, A.B., KIEPPER, B.H. and ZHUANG, H. (2014) Impact of broiler processing scalding and chilling profiles on carcass and breast meat yield. Poultry Science 93: 1534-1541.Google Scholar
CANSU, Ü. and BORAN, G. (2015) Optimization of a multi-step procedure for isolation of chicken bone collagen. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources 35: 431-440.Google Scholar
CHAMBERS, J.R. and FORTIN, A. (1984) Live body and carcass measurements as predictors of chemical composition of carcasses of male broiler chickens. Poultry Science 63: 2187-2196.Google Scholar
COBB (2018) Broiler performance & nutrition supplement. https://cobbstorage.blob.core.windows.net/guides/5a171aa0-6994-11e8-9f14-bdc382f8d47e. Accessed 10.3.18.Google Scholar
COTANCH, K.W., GRANT, R.J., DANN, H.M. and DARRAH, J.W. (2002) Analysis of nutrient composition of FM and FM with blood. Report to US Poultry and Egg Association https://www.uspoultry.org/ppfc/docs/ProjectR54.pdf. Accessed 12.12.17.Google Scholar
COUFAL, C.D., CHAVEZ, C., NIEMEYER, P.R. and CAREY, J.B. (2006) Nitrogen emissions from broilers measured by mass balance over eighteen consecutive flocks. Poultry Science 85: 384-391.Google Scholar
DALE, N. (1992) True metabolizable energy of feather meal. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1: 331-334.Google Scholar
DA SILVA, M.V. (2013) Poultry and poultry products: risks for human health. FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al742e/al742e00.pdf. Accessed 12.12.17.Google Scholar
DA ROSA, C.S., TOVAR, A.F., MOURÃO, P., PEREIRA, R., BARRETO, P. and BEIRÃO, L.H. (2012) Purification and characterization of hyaluronic acid from chicken combs. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria 42: 1682-1687.Google Scholar
DEAL, C.L. and MOSKOWITZ, R.W. (1999) Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents in osteoarthritis. The role of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen hydrolysate. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 25: 379-395.Google Scholar
DE ALMEIDA, P.F., CALARGE, F.A. and SANTANA, J.C.C. (2013) Production of a product similar to gelatin from chicken feet collagen. Engenharia Agricola 33: 1289-1300.Google Scholar
DEL NERY, V., DE NARDI, I.R., DAMIANOVIC, M.H.R.Z., POZZI, E., AMORIM, A.K.B. and ZAIAT, M. (2007) Long-term operating performance of a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant. Resources Conservation and Recycling 50: 102-114.Google Scholar
DEL NERY, V., DAMIANOVIC, M.H.Z., POZZI, E., DE NARDI, I.R., CALDAS, V.E.A. and PIRES, E.C. (2013) Long-term performance and operational strategies of a poultry slaughterhouse waste stabilization pond system in a tropical climate. Resources Conservation and Recycling 71: 7-14.Google Scholar
DEL NERY, V., DAMIANOVIC, M.H.Z., MOURA, R.B., POZZI, E., PIRES, E.C. and FORESTI, E. (2016) Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant for high quality effluent. Water Science and Technology 73: 309-316.Google Scholar
DU, L., KHIARI, Z., PIETRASIK, Z. and BETTI, M. (2013) Physicochemical and functional properties of gelatins extracted from turkey and chicken heads. Poultry Science 92: 2463-2474.Google Scholar
EDWARDS, D.S., MILNE, L.M., MORROW, K., SHERIDAN, P., VERLANDER, N.Q., MULLA, R., RICHARDSON, J.F., PENDER, A., LILLY, M. and REACHER, M. (2014) Campylobacteriosis outbreak associated with consumption of undercooked chicken liver pâté in the East of England, September 2011: identification of a dose-response risk. Epidemiology and Infection 142: 352-357.Google Scholar
ELASRI, O. and EL AMIN AFILAL, M. (2016) Potential for biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of chicken droppings in Morocco. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 5: 195-204.Google Scholar
EYRE, D.R. and GLIMCHER, J. (1974) The dissolution of bovine and chicken bone collagens in concentrated formic acid. Calcified Tissue Research 15: 125-132.Google Scholar
FAOSTAT http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL. Accessed 10.4.18.Google Scholar
FISCHER, J.W., PHILLIPS, G.E., NICHOLS, T.A. and VERCAUTEREN, K.C. (2013) Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease? Prion 7: 263-266.Google Scholar
FISHER, M.-L., LEESON, S., MORRISON, W.D. and SUMMERS, J.D. (1981) Feather growth and feather composition of broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 61: 769-773.Google Scholar
GARCIA, R.A., NIEMAN, C.M., HAYLOCK, R.A., ROSENTRATER, K.A. and PIAZZA, G.J. (2016) The effect of chicken blood and its components on wastewater characteristics and sewage surcharges. Poultry Science 95: 1950-1956.Google Scholar
HADAS, A. and KAUTSKY, L. (1994) Feather meal, a semi-slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for organic farming. Fertilizer Research 38: 165-170.Google Scholar
HAINES, R.J. (2004) Chapter 7: Disposal of meat production waste. Pages 283-317 in Report of the Meat Regulatory and Inspection Review. Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
HOEKSTRA, A.Y. and MEKONNEN, M.M. (2012) The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 109: 3232-3237.Google Scholar
HOLLAND, R., LOVEDAY, D. and FERGUSON, K. (2006) How much meat to expect from a beef carcass. University of Tennessee Extension. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/PB1822.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2018.Google Scholar
HUTCHISON, M., HARRISON, D., RICHARDSON, I. and TCHÓRZEWSKA, M. (2015) A method for the preparation of chicken liver pâté that reliably destroys Campylobacters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12: 4652-4669.Google Scholar
JAYATHILAKAN, K., SULTANA, K., RADHAKRISHNA, K. and BAWA, A.S. (2012) Utilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 49: 278-293.Google Scholar
JONES, H.B. and KERNS, W.R. (1974) Waste water treatment costs in poultry plants in Georgia. Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 12: 65-71.Google Scholar
KALMAN, D.S., HEIMER, M., VALDEON, A., SCHWARTZ, H. and SHELDON, E. (2008) Effect of a natural extract of chicken combs with a high content of hyaluronic acid (Hyal-Joint®) on pain relief and quality of life in subjects with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition Journal 7: 3.Google Scholar
KIEPPER, B.H. (2003) Characterization of poultry processing operations, wastewater generation, and wastewater treatment using mail survey and nutrient discharge monitoring methods. MS Thesis. University of Georgia, Athens.Google Scholar
KIEPPER, B.H., MERKA, W.C. and FLETCHER, D.L. (2008) Proximate composition of poultry processing wastewater particulate matter from broiler slaughter plants. Poultry Science 87: 1633-1636.Google Scholar
KIILHOLMA, J. (2007) Food-safety concerns in the poultry sector of developing countries. http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoInfo/Agricult/againfo/home/events/bangkok2007/docs/part2/2_8.pdf. Accessed 12.13.17.Google Scholar
KLEMESRUD, M.J., KLOPFENSTEIN, T.J. and LEWIS, A.J. (2000) Evaluation of FM as a source of sulfur amino acids for growing steers. Journal of Animal Science 78: 207-215.Google Scholar
KONDAMUDI, N., STRULL, J., MISRA, M. and MOHAPATRA, S.K. (2009) A green process for producing biodiesel from feather meal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57: 6163-6166.Google Scholar
LEAPHART, A.B., SCOTT, T.R., CHAMBERS, S.D., BRIDGES, W.C. and GREENE, A.K. (2012) Investigation of avian influenza viral ribonucleic acid destruction in poultry co-products under rendering conditions. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21: 719-725.Google Scholar
LOVE, D.C., HALDEN, R.U., DAVIS, M.F. and NACHMAN, K.E. (2012) Feather meal: a previously unrecognized route for reentry into the food supply of multiple pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Environmental Science and Technology 46: 3795-3802.Google Scholar
LIN, L.-K. and TAN, F.-J. (2017) Influence of rendering methods on yield and quality of chicken fat recovered from broiler skin. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 30: 872-877.Google Scholar
LIU, D.C., LIN, Y.K. and CHEN, M.T. (2001) Optimum condition of extracting collagen from chicken feet and its characteristics. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 14: 1638-1644.Google Scholar
MANNA, F., DENTINI, M., DESIDERI, P., DE PITÀP, O., MORTILLA, E. and MARAS, B. (1999) Comparative chemical evaluation of two commercially available derivatives of hyaluronic acid (hylaform from rooster combs and restylane from streptococcus) used for soft tissue augmentation. Journal of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 13: 183-192.Google Scholar
MARAPANA, R.A.U.J. (2016) Effect of different dress weight categories on yield part percentage and relationship of live and dress weight of broiler carcasses slaughter at different conditions. Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal 9: 31-38.Google Scholar
MEKONNEN, M.M. and HOEKSTRA, A.Y. (2010) The green, blue and grey footprint of farm animals and animal products. UNESCO Institute for Water Education. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 48.Google Scholar
MEKONNEN, M.M. and HOEKSTRA, A.Y. (2012) A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products. Ecosystems 15: 401-415.Google Scholar
MERKA, W.C. (1991) Environmental issues for the poultry industry: processing. Poultry Science 70:1118-1122.Google Scholar
MIGLIORE, A. and PROCOPIO, S. (2015) Effectiveness and utility of hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism 12: 31-33.Google Scholar
NACHMAN, K.E., RABER, G., FRANCESCONI, K.A., NAVAS-ACIEN, A. and LOVE, D.C. (2012) Arsenic species in poultry feather meal. Science of The Total Environment 417-418: 183-188.Google Scholar
>NATIONAL BIODIESEL BOARD (2014) Biodiesel demand for animal fats and tallow generate an additional revenue for the livestock industry. http://biodiesel.org/docs/default-source/news---supporting-files/animal-fats-and-tallow-bd-demand-impact-report.pdf?sfvrsn=2. Accessed 12.12.17.NATIONAL+BIODIESEL+BOARD+(2014)+Biodiesel+demand+for+animal+fats+and+tallow+generate+an+additional+revenue+for+the+livestock+industry.+http://biodiesel.org/docs/default-source/news---supporting-files/animal-fats-and-tallow-bd-demand-impact-report.pdf?sfvrsn=2.+Accessed+12.12.17.>Google Scholar
NORTHCUTT, J.K. and JONES, D.R. (2004) A survey of water use and common industry practices in commercial broiler processing facilities. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13: 48-54.Google Scholar
OMOJOLA, A.B., ADESEHINWA, A.O.K., MADU, H. and ATTAH, S. (2004) Effect of sex and slaughter weight on broiler chicken carcass. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 2 (3&4): 61-63.Google Scholar
RAMMAYA, K., YING, V.Q. and BABJI, A.S. (2012) Physicochemical analysis of gelatin extracted from mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) residue. International Journal of Food, Nutrition and Public Health 5: 147-168.Google Scholar
ROKONUZZAMAN, M. (2016) Comparison of meat production of three broiler strains in winter season. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research 3: 5-8.Google Scholar
SAMS, A.R. and MCKEE, S.R. (2010) First processing: slaughter through chilling, in: OWENS, C.M., ALVARADO, C.Z. & SAMS, A.R. (Eds) Poultry Meat Processing, 2nd Ed., pp. 25-50 (Boca Baton, CRC Press).Google Scholar
SAMS, A.R. and OWENS, C.M. (2010) Second processing: parts, de-boning and portion control, in: OWENS, C.M., ALVARADO, C.Z. and SAMS, A.R. (Eds) Poultry Meat Processing, 2nd Ed., pp. 51-66 (Boca Baton, CRC Press).Google Scholar
SEONG, P.M., CHO, S.H., PARK, K.M., KANG, G.H., PARK, B.Y., MOON, S.S. and BA, H.V. (2015) Characterization of chicken by-products by mean of proximate and nutritional compositions. Korean Journal of Food Science and Animal Resources 35: 179-188.Google Scholar
SHEU, K.S. and CHEN, T.C. (2002) Yield and quality characteristics of edible broiler skin fat as obtained from five rendering methods. Journal of Food Engineering 55: 263-269.Google Scholar
SINEQUE, A.R., MACUAMULE, C.L. and DOS ANJOS, F.R. (2017) Aflatoxin B1 contamination in chicken livers and gizzards from industrial and small abattoirs, measured by ELISA technique in Maputo, Mozambique. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14: 951.Google Scholar
SIRIANUNTAPIBOON, S. and YOMMEE, S. (2006) Application of a new type of moving bio-film in aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobicSBR). Journal of Environmental Management 78: 149-156.Google Scholar
SORAPUKDEE, S. and NARUNATSOPANON, S. (2017) Comparative study on compositions and functional properties of porcine, chicken and duck blood. Korean Journal of Food Science and Animal Resources 37: 228-241.Google Scholar
SOUTHERN, L.L., LEMIEUX, F.M., MATTHEWS, J.O., BIDNER, T.D. and KNOWLES, T.A. (2000) Effect of FM as a source of valine for lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science 78: 120-123.Google Scholar
STATISTICA (2017) Leading biodiesel producers worldwide in 2016, by country (in billion liters). https://www.statista.com/statistics/271472/biodiesel-production-in-selected-countries/. Accessed 12.12.17.Google Scholar
USDA ECONOMIC AND STATISTICS SERVICE (1981) Poultry slaughter. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/PoulSlau//1980s/1981/PoulSlau-02-02-1981.pdf. Accessed 10.3.18.Google Scholar
USDA NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS SERVICE (2001) Poultry slaughter. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/PoulSlau//2000s/2001/PoulSlau-02-00-2001.pdf. Accessed 10.3.18.Google Scholar
USDA NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS SERVICE (2018) Poultry slaughter 2017 summary. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/PoulSlauSu/PoulSlauSu-02-26-2018.pdf. Accessed 10.3.18.Google Scholar
US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (2017) Biodiesel production and distribution.https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_production.html. Accessed 12.12.17.Google Scholar
USEPA (U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY) (1975) Development document for proposed effluent limitations guidelines and new source performance standards for the poultry segment of the meat product and rendering process, point source category. EPA/440/1-75/031-B, Washington, DC (DCN 00140).Google Scholar
US POULTRY AND EGG (2017) Process Overview https://www.uspoultry.org/environment/docs/ProcessOverview.pdf. Accessed 12.12.17.Google Scholar
VAN GERPEN, J. (2014) Animal Fats for Biodiesel Production. University of Idaho Extension publication.Google Scholar
VANN, M., BENNETT, N., FISHER, L.R., REBERG-HORTON, S.C. and BURRACK, H. (2017) Poultry FM application in organic flue-cured tobacco production. Agronomy Journal 109: 1-8.Google Scholar
WHO (2002) Understanding the BSE Threat. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/mad-cow-disease/en/. Accessed 12.12.17.Google Scholar
WIDYASARI, R. and RAWDKUEN, S. (2014) Extraction and characterization of gelatin from chicken feet. Food and Applied Bioscience Journal 2: 85-97.Google Scholar
WILLIAMS, C.M. (2013) Slaughter house wastes. Poultry development review. FAO, Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
WORLD BANK GROUP (2007) Environmental, health and safety guidelines for meat processing. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/997831484217630732/pdf/111932-WP-ENGLISH-Meat-Processing-PUBLIC.pdf. Accessed 10.25.18.Google Scholar