Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T10:06:07.017Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Net energy systems for poultry feeds: a quantitative review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

V. Pirgozliev  and
S.P. Rose
V. Pirgozliev
Affiliation:
The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams College, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
S.P. Rose*
Affiliation:
The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams College, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
*
2Correspondence to S. P. Rose (sprose@haac.ac.uk).
Get access

Abstract

The concentrations of utilisable energy per unit of price is important information to allow choices to be made between feedstuffs for practical dietary formulations. There has been a long lasting debate as to whether net energy (NE) or metabolisable energy (ME) is preferable. Only one large data set of empirically determined net energy concentrations (NEp) of feedstuffs for poultry has been published. Although the ME system for describing the utilisable energy concentrations of feedstuffs is now widely used, different metabolised nutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) are utilised with different relative efficiencies for energy deposition. More recently, methods of predicting the NE of feeds from equations have been suggested. These include information on nutrient digestibility with or without determined ME values with corrections according to the efficiency by which the nutrients are utilised. The objectives of the present study were, firstly, to evaluate the relationship between determined apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and determined NEp concentrations for a range of poultry feedstuffs and, secondly, the relationship between four different NE prediction equations and determined NEp concentrations was evaluated using the same data set. There was a positive linear regression (p < 0.001) between the determined AME and NEp concentrations in a data set of 62 feedstuffs with a range of AME from 0.1 to 20.5 MJ/kg. This regression equation accounted for 92.8% of the variance in NEp. Each 1.0 MJ increase in AME gave a 0.69 MJ increase in NEp. However, this data set had a large proportion of low energy feedstuffs that are unlikely to be used in modern proprietary poultry diets. A subset of these data that included 40 feedstuffs with an AME range of 8.0–18.0 MJ/kg was also examined. The regression between determined AME and NEp concentrations in this smaller data set only accounted for 77.7% of the variance in NEp. There was evidence (p < 0.01) that AME overestimated the NEp concentrations of high protein feeds of animal origin compared with cereals, cereal byproducts and high protein vegetable feeds. Three NE prediction equations that require knowledge of the digestibility coefficients for protein, ether extract and carbohydrates all improved the precision of the NEp prediction. However, a fourth prediction equation that requires only AME and crude protein determinations gave an equally precise estimate of NEp.

Keywords

Net energynutritionmetabolisable energyprediction equationspoultry
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 55 , Issue 1 , March 1999 , pp. 23 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Axelsson, J. (1939) The general nutritive value (energy value) of poultry feed. Proceedings of 7th World's Poultry CongressCleveland, Ohio pp. 165–167Google Scholar
Carew, L. and Hill, F. (1964) Effect of corn oil on metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by chicks. Journal of Nutrition 83: 293–299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, K.J. (1962) The evaluation of dietary energy. In: Nutrition of Pigs and Poultry (Morgan, J.T. and Lewis, D., Eds), Butterworths, London, pp. 29–42Google Scholar
Collier, J., Rose, S.P., Kettlewell, P.S. and Bedford, M.R. (1996) Wheat varieties and the energy retention of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 37: 100–101Google Scholar
Davidson, J., Mcdonald, I. and Williams, R.B. (1957) The utilization of dietary energy by poultry. I. A study of the algebraic method for determining the productive energy of poultry feeds. Journal of Science and Food Agriculture 8: 173–182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Groote, G. (1974a) Utilisation of metabolisable energy. In: Energy Requirements of Poultry (Morris, T.R. and Freeman, B.M., Eds), Poultry Science Symposium No. 9, British Poultry Science Ltd, Edinburgh, pp. 113–133Google Scholar
De Groote, G. (1974b) A comparison of a new net energy system with the metabolisable energy system in broiler diet formulation, performance and profitability. British Poultry Science 15: 75–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Groote, G. (1975) Net energy systems for chickens. Proceedings of 1975 Georgia Nutrition ConferenceAtlanta, USA pp. 9–30Google Scholar
De Groote, G., Reyntens, N. and Amich-Gali, J. (1971) Fat studies 2. The metabolic efficiency of energy utilization of glucose, soybean oil and different animal fats by growing chicks. Poultry Science 50: 808–819CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmans, G.C. (1994) Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species. British Journal of Nutrition 71: 801–821CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelbach, M. (1992) The London grain futures market. In: Agricultural Futures and Options (Duncan, R., Ed.), Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Farrell, D.J. (1974) General principles and assumptions of calorimetry. In: Energy Requirements of Poultry (Morris, T.R. and Freeman, B.M., Eds), Poultry Science Symposium No. 9, British Poultry Science Ltd, Edinburgh, p. 124Google Scholar
Fraps, G.S. (1946) Composition and productive energy of poultry feeds and rations. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 678Google Scholar
Fraps, G.S. and Carlyle, E.C. (1939) The utilization of the energy of feed by growing chickens. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 571Google Scholar
Genstat 5 Committee (1987) Genstat 5 Manual, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Halnan, E.T. (1927) Poultry foods and feeding from the research standpoint. Proceedings of the 3rd World's Poultry CongressOttawa, Canada pp. 181–183Google Scholar
Halnan, E.T. (1951) The nutritive (energy) value of poultry foods. Proceedings of the 9th World's Poultry CongressParis, France pp. 36Google Scholar
Hill, FM. and Anderson, D.L. (1958) Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive energy determinations with growing chicks. Journal of Nutrition 64: 587–603CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffmann, L. and Schiemann, R. (1971) Verdaulichkeit und energiekennzahlen von futterstoffen beim huhn. Archiv Tieremahrung 21: 65–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, L. and Schiemann, R. (1980) Von der kalorie zum joule: Neue grosenbeziehungen bei messungen des energieumsatzes und bei der berechnung von kennzahlen der energetischen futterbewertung. Archiv Tiererernahrung 30: 733–742CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, L.S. (1977) Recent developments in applied broiler nutrition in the USA. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Haresign, W. and Lewis, D., Eds), Butterworths, London. pp. 123–147Google Scholar
Just, A. (1982) The net energy value of balanced diets for growing pigs. Livestock Production Science 8: 541–555CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macleod, M.G. (1994) Dietary energy utilisation: prediction by computer simulation of energy metabolism. British Poultry Science 35: 183–184Google Scholar
Meulen van der, J., Bakker, J.G.M., Smits, B. and Visser, H.de (1997) Effect of source of starch on net portal flux of glucose, lactate, volatile fatty acids and amino acids in the pig. British Journal of Nutrition 78: 533–544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muramatsu, T., Nakajima, S. and Okumura, J. (1994) Modification of energy metabolism by the presence of gut microflora in the chicken. British Journal of Nutrition 71: 709–717CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (1954) Recommended Nutrient Allowances for Poultry, NRC, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
Nehring, K., Schiemann, R. and Hoffmann, L. (1969) A new system of energetic evaluation of food on the basis of net energy for fattening. Proceedings of 4th Symposium on Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, Warsaw, Poland, Oriel PressNewcastle, UK pp. 41–50Google Scholar
Nitsan, Z., Dvorin, A., Zoref, Z. and Mokady, S. (1997) Effect of added soyabean oil and dietary energy on metabolisable and net energy of broiler diets. British Poultry Science 38: 101–106CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noblet, J., Shi, X.S. and Dubois, S. (1993) Metabolic utilization of dietary energy and nutrients for maintenance energy requirements in sows: a basis for a net energy system. British Journal of Nutrition 70: 407–419CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panja, P., Kassim, H. and Jalaludin, S. (1995) The effect of palm oil supplementation in isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets of broilers. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 8: 151–158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sondakh, L.W., Hardaker, J.B. and Farrell, D.J. (1978) Economic choice of an energetic evaluation system for formulating broiler diets: a comparison of net energy and metabolisable energy systems. Proceedings of the 2nd Australian Poultry and Stock Feeding ConventionSydney pp. 215–219Google Scholar
Titus, H.W. (1955) The Scientific Feeding of Chickens, The Interstate Printers & Publishers Inc., Danville, Illinois, USAGoogle Scholar