Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:43:42.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes in poultry diets: influence of ingredients on the selection of activities*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

A. Chesson
A. Chesson
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Get access

Abstract

The use of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzymes as feed additives has consolidated around their application to barley- and wheat-based diets for broiler chicks. Only with this application has a good understanding of their mode of action been developed and reasons for their effectiveness established. Most of the effect of NSP degrading enzymes can be ascribed to reversing the increase in digesta viscosity caused by polysaccharides leached from grain cell walls. Because digesta viscosity is greatest in the youngest birds and decreases with age, the value of supplementary enzymes for older birds is limited to secondary and less well defined effects. These include the release of nutrients otherwise entrapped in the cellular matrix of the feed. Maize alone amongst the commonly used cereals does not appear to release soluble NSPs in amounts sufficient to produce a detectable depression in performance. However, maize is not a homogeneous commodity and for some samples this may not be the case. Use of NSP degrading enzymes with legume seeds can improve nitrogen retention but effects are generally small. The structures of the soyabean NSPs, particularly the pectic polysaccharides, appear unique and existing commercial formulations are not recognised to contain enzymes capable of their degradation. With the present knowledge of soyabean polysaccharide structure, more informed formulation of enzyme products for use with soyabean should enable better responses to be achieved. When coupled with the lesser response from maize, this could allow the effective use of enzyme additives with maize-soyabean diets.

Keywords

barleyenzyme additivesmaizenon-starch polysaccharidessoyabeanviscositywheat
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 57 , Issue 3 , September 2001 , pp. 251 - 263
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Originally presented at the XXI Worlds Poultry Congress with the title: ‘Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes in poultry diets: types and methods of action”.

References

Almirall, M., Francesch, M., Perez-Vendrell, A.M. and Brufau, J. (1995) The differences in intestinal viscosity produced by barley and beta glucanase alter digesta enzyme activities and ileal nutrient digestibilities more in broiler chicks than in cocks. Journal of Nutrition 125: 947–955Google ScholarPubMed
Annison, G. (1991) Relationship between the levels of soluble nonstarch polysaccharides and the apparent metabolizable energy of wheats assayed in broiler-chickens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39: 1252–1256CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, S.C., Wiseman, J. and Chesson, A. (1999) Influence of non-starch polysaccharide structure on the metabolisable energy of UK wheat fed to poultry. Journal of Cereal Science 29: 77–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedford, M.R. (1995) Mechanism of action and potential environmental benefits from the use of feed enzymes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 53: 145–155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedford, M.R. and Classen, H.L. (1992) Reduction of intestinal viscosity through manipulation of dietary rye and pentosanase concentration is effected through changes in the carbohydrate composition of the intestinal aqueous phase and results in improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency of broiler chicks. Journal of Nutrition 122: 560–569CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bengtsson, S., Andersson, R.E., Westerlund, E. and Aman, P. (1992) Content, structure and viscosity of soluble arabinoxylans in rye grain from several countries. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 58: 331–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broz, J. and Frigg, M. (1986) Effects of beta-glucanase on the feeding value of broiler diets based on barley or oats. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 50: 41–47Google Scholar
Brufau, J., Perez-Vendrell, A.M. and Esteve-Garcia, E. (1994) Performance of laying hens as affected by the supplementation of a barley-based diet with a crude enzyme preparation from Trichoderma viride. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74: 129–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choct, M. and Annison, G. (1990) Anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler diets. British Poultry Science 31: 811–821CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choct, M. and Hughes, R.J. (1997) The nutritive value of new season grains for poultry. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia 1997 (Corbett, J.L., Choct, M., Nolan, J.V. and Rowe, J.B., Eds), University of New England, Armidale, Australia, pp. 146–150Google Scholar
Choct, M., Hughes, R.J., Wang, J., Bedford, M.R., Morgan, A.J. and Annison, G. (1996) Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti-nutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science 37: 609–621CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleemput, G., Hessing, M., Van Oort, M., Deconynck, M. and Delcour, J.A. (1997) Purification and characterisation of a β-D-xylosidase and an endo-xylanase from wheat flour. Plant Physiology 113: 377–386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, W.W., Wood, P.J., Weisz, J. and Beer, M.U. (1999) Nonstarch polysaccharide from preprocessed wheat bran: carbohydrate analysis and novel rheological properties. Cereal Chemistry 76: 129–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, M.W., Parsons, C.M. and Bedford, M.R. (2000) Effect of various soybean meal sources and avizyme on chick growth performance and ileal digestible energy. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 9: 74–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, D.J., Perez Maldonado, R.A. and Mannion, P.F. (1999) Optimum inclusion of field peas, faba beans, chick peas and sweet lupins in poultry diets. II. Broiler experiments. British Poultry Science 40: 674–680CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GarcÍA, M., Salado, S., Gracia, M.I., Cachaldora, P. and Mateos, G.G. (2000) Variation of the response to enzyme supplementation with broiler age and viscosity of the diet. In: Abstracts of the 3rd European Symposium on Feed Enzymes, Noordwijkerhout, p. 53Google Scholar
Gill, C. (2001) Enzymes for broilers: reducing maize energy variability. Feed International 22: 12–14Google Scholar
Gruppen, H., Kormelink, F.J.M. and Voragen, A.G.J. (1993) Water-unextractable cell-wall material from wheat-flour. 3. A structural model for arabinoxylans. Journal of Cereal Science 18: 111–128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, R.J. and Choct, M. (1999) Chemical and physical characteristics of grains related to variability in energy and amino acid availability in poultry. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 689–701Google Scholar
Hughes, R.J., Choct, M., Kocher, A. and Van Barneveld, R.J. (2000) Effect of food enzymes on AME and composition of digesta from broiler chickens fed on diets containing nonstarch polysaccharides from lupin kernel. British Poultry Science 41: 318–323CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huisman, M.M.H., Schols, H.A. and Voragen, A.G.J. (1998) Cell wall polysaccharides from soybean (Glycine max) meal. Isolation and characterisation. Carbohydrate Polymers 37: 87–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huisman, M.M.H., Schols, H.A. and Voragen, A.G.J. (1999) Enzymatic degradation of cell wall polysaccharides from soybean meal. Carbohydrate Polymers 38: 299–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huisman, M.M.H., Schols, H.A. and Voragen, A.G.J. (2000) Glucuronoarabinoxylans from maize kernel walls are more complex than those from sorghum kernel cell walls. Carbohydrate Polymers 43: 269–279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huisman, M.M.H., Fransen, C.T.M., Kamerling, J.P., Vliegenthart, J.F.G., Schols, H.A. and Voragen, A.G.J. (2001) The CDTA-soluble pectic substances from soybean meal are composed of rhamnogalacturonan and xylogalactan but not homogalacturonan. Biopolyrners 58: 279–2943.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izydorczyk, M.S. and Biliaderis, C.G. (1995) Cereal arabinoxylans: advances in structure and physicochemical properties. Carbohydrate Polymers 28: 33–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M.E., Fodge, D.W. and Hsiao, H.Y. (1999) Effects of beta-mannanase in corn-soybean meal diets on laying hen performance. Poultry Science 78: 1737–1741CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaroni, D., Scheider, S.E., Beck, M. and Wyatt, C. (1999) The effect of dietary wheat middlings and enzyme supplementation. 1. Late egg production efficiency, egg yields, and egg composition in two strains of leghorn hens. Poultry Science 78: 841–847CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leske, K.L. and Coon, C.N. (1999) Nutrient content and protein and energy digestibilities of ethanol-extracted, low a-galactoside soybean meal as compared to intact soybean meal. Poultry Science 78: 1177–1183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNab, J. (1992) The value of wheat in diets for poultry. Proceedings of the Cereals R 6 & D Conference,Home-Grown Cereals Authority,London, pp. 153–168Google Scholar
Oloffs, K., Jeroch, H. and Schoner, F.J. (1998) The efficiency of enzymes hydrolyzing nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) as feed additives to layer rations on barley-rye and wheat-rye basis. Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie, Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 78: 178–186Google Scholar
Oloffs, K., Jeroch, H. and Schoner, F.J. (1999) The efficiency of non-starch-polysaccharide hydrolysing enzymes on nutrient digestibility and gross energy convertability of barley-rye and wheat-rye diets for laying hens. Archiv für Tierernührung 52: 155–165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, C.F., Igbasan, F.A., Guenter, W. and Marquardt, R.R. (1998) The effects of enzyme and inorganic phosphorus supplements in wheat- and rye-based diets on laying hen performance, energy and phosphorus availability. Poultry Science 77: 83–89CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pettersson, D. and Aman, P. (1988) Effects of enzyme supplementation of diets based on wheat, rye or triticale on their productive value for broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 33: 139–265Google Scholar
Saulnier, L., Vigouroux, J. and Thibault, J.-F. (1995) Isolation and partial characterisation of feruloylated oligosaccharides from maize bran. carbohydrate Research 272: 241–253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schooneveld-Bergmans, M.E.F., Van Dijk, V.M., Beldman, G. and Voragen, A.G.J. (1999) Physicochemical characteristics of wheat bran glucuronoarabinoxylans. journal of Cereal Science 29: 49–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slominski, B.A. (1994) Hydrolysis of galatooligosaccharides by commercial preparations of α-galactosidase and β-fructofuranosidase: potential for use as dietary additives. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 65: 323–330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Der Klis, J.D., Kwakernaak, C. and De Wit, W. (1995) Effects of endoxylanase addition to wheat-based diets on physiochemical chyme conditions and mineral absorption in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 51: 15–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinkx, C.J.A., Reynaert, H.R., Grobert, P.J. and Delcour, J.A. (1993) Physiochemical and functional properties of rye nonstarch polysaccharides. 5. Variability in the structure of water-soluble arabinoxylans. Cereal Chemistry 70: 311–317Google Scholar
Vukic-Vranjes, M. and Wenk, C. (1995) The influence of extruded vs. untreated barley in the feed, with and without dietary enzyme supplement on broiler performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology 54: 21–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vukic-Vranjes, M., Pfirter, H.P. and Wenk, C. (1994) Influence of processing treatment and type of cereal on the effect of dietary enzymes in broiler diets Animal Feed Science and Technology 46: 261–270CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiseman, J., Nicol, N. and Norton, G. (1993) Biochemical and nutritional characterisation of wheat varieties for young broilers. Aspects of Applied Biology 34: 329–334Google Scholar