Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:23:08.891Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The potential of antioxidant rich essential oils against avian coccidiosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 December 2016

M. IDRIS ,
R.Z. ABBAS ,
S. MASOOD ,
T. REHMAN ,
U. FAROOQ ,
W. BABAR ,
R. HUSSAIN ,
A. RAZA  and
U. RIAZ
M. IDRIS*
Affiliation:
University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
R.Z. ABBAS
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
S. MASOOD
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
T. REHMAN
Affiliation:
University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
U. FAROOQ
Affiliation:
University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
W. BABAR
Affiliation:
University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
R. HUSSAIN
Affiliation:
University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
A. RAZA
Affiliation:
School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
U. RIAZ
Affiliation:
University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
*
Corresponding author: musadiq.idris@iub.edu.pk
Get access

Abstract

The poultry industry is currently facing a serious problem of controlling coccidiosis, owing to the development of drug resistance against commonly available anticoccidials. Furthermore, an increasing demand in the consumers for drug residue free poultry and poultry products has led to the development of alternative strategies for the treatment and control of avian coccidiosis. In response to the invasion of Eimeria species in coccidiosis, oxidative stress is created by host cellular response which imparts pathology to the host tissue besides damaging the parasite. Hence, in order to alleviate the damage caused by oxidative stress during coccidiosis, the use of essential oils (EOs) rich in antioxidant compounds is being considered as an appealing approach. However, results are very divergent and often not as satisfactory as expected. Essential oils, as natural products, obtained from aromatic plants have the potential to serve as an alternate to anticoccidials. The present work aims to review the current state of knowledge, informative collection of results obtained over the years and to attain a critical decision in aspects of the use of EOs as anticoccidials.

Keywords

essential oilscoccidiosisanticoccidialsantioxidants
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 73 , Issue 1 , March 2017 , pp. 89 - 104
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABBAS, R.Z., COLWELL, D.D. and GILLEARD, J. (2012a) Botanicals: An alternative approach for the control of avian coccidiosis. World's Poultry Science Journal 68: 203-215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ABBAS, R.Z., IQBAL, Z., BLAKE, D., KHAN, M.N. and SALEEMI, M.K. (2011a) Anticoccidial drug resistance in fowl coccidia: the state of play revisited. World's Poultry Science Journal 67: 337-350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ABBAS, R.Z., IQBAL, Z., KHAN, A., SINDHU, Z.U.D., KHAN, J.A., KHAN, M.N. and RAZA, A. (2012b) Options for integrated strategies for the control of avian coccidiosis. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 14: 1014-1020.Google Scholar
ABOU-ELKHAIR, R., GAAFAR, K.M., ELBAHY, N.M., HELAL, M.A., MAHBOUB, H.D. and SAMEH, G. (2014) Bioactive Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Essential Oils Blend of Oregano, Thyme and Garlic oils on Performance of Broilers Infected with Eimeria species. Global Veterinaria 13: 977-985.Google Scholar
ABU-AKKADA, S.S. and AWAD, A.M. (2015) Protective effects of probiotics and prebiotics on Eimeria tenella-infected broiler chickens. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 35: 446-450.Google Scholar
AKHTAR, M., ANWAR, M.I., IQBAL, Z., MUHAMMAD, F., AWAIS, M.M., HAQ, A.U. and SAWICKA, E.H. (2012) Immunological evaluation of two local isolates of Eimeria tenella gametocytes against coccidiosis in poultry. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 32: 77-80.Google Scholar
AKTHAR, M.S., DEGAGA, B. and AZAM, T. (2014) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants against the pathogenic microorganisms: A review. Issues in Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 2: 001-007.Google Scholar
ALI, A.M., KHATER, H.F., SEDDIEK, S.A. and NADA, M.O. (2015) Comparative efficacy of synbiotic and diclazuril on broilers experimentally infected with Eimeria acervulina . Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 61: 24-33.Google Scholar
ALI, A.M., SEDDIEK, SH.A. and KHATER, H.F. (2014) Effect of butyrate, clopidol and their combination on the performance of broilers infected with Eimeria maxima. British Poultry Science 55: 474-482 (DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.920488).Google Scholar
ALNASSAN, A.A., KOTSCH, M., SHEHATA, A.A., KRUGER, M., DAUGSCHIES, A. and BANGOURA, B. (2014) Necrotic enteritis in chickens development of a straightforward disease model system. Veterinary Records 174: 555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ALP, M., MIDILLI, M., KOCABAGLI, N., YILMAZ, H., TURAN, N., GARGILI, A. and ACAR, N. (2012) The effects of dietary oregano essential oil on live performance, carcass yield, serum immunoglobulin G level, and oocyst count in broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21: 630-636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ARCZEWSKA-WLOSEK, A. and SWIATKIEWICZ, S. (2013) Improved performance due to dietary supplementation with selected herbal extracts of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria spp . Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 22: 257-263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ARMSTRONG, J.S. (2006) Mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation: the sine qua non for cell death. BioEssays 28: 253-260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ATHANASIADOU, S. and KYRIAZAKIS, I. (2004) Plant secondary metabolites: antiparasitic effects and their role in ruminant production systems. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63: 631-639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ATHANASIADOU, S., GITHIORI, J. and KYRIAZAKIS, I. (2007) Medicinal plants for helminth parasite control: Facts and fiction. Animal 1: 1392-1400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BACHAYA, H.A., ABBAS, R.Z., RAZA, M.A., IQBAL, Z., REHMAN, T.U., BABER, W. and HUSSAIN, R. (2015) . Existence of coccidiosis and associated risk factors in broiler chickens in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 35: 81-84.Google Scholar
BAKKALI, F., AVERBECK, S., AVERBECK, D. and IDAOMAR, M. (2008) Biological effects of essential oils - A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46: 446-475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BARBEHENN, R., CHEEK, S., GASPERUT, A., LISTER, E. and MABEN, R. (2005) Phenolic compounds in red oak and sugar maple leaves have prooxidant activities in the midgut fluids of Malacosoma disstria and Orgyia leucostigma caterpillars . Journal of Chemical Ecology 31: 969-988.Google ScholarPubMed
BARBOUR, E.K., BRAGG, R.R., KARROUF, G., IYER, A., AZHAR, E., HARAKEH, S. and KUMOSANI, T. (2015) Control of eight predominant Eimeria spp. involved in economic coccidiosis of broiler chicken by a chemically characterised essential oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology 118: 583-591 (DOI: 10.1111/jam.12731).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BAUER, K., GARBE, D. and SURBURG, H. (2001) Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials: Preparation, Properties and Uses, fourth ed. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BLAKE, D.P. and TOMLEY, F.M. (2014) Securing poultry production from the ever present Eimeria challenge. Trends in Parasitology 30: 12-19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BOZKURT, M., AYSUL, N., KÜÇÜKYILMAZ, K., AYPAK, S., EGE, G., ÇATLI, A.U., AKŞIT, H., ÇÖVEN, F., SEYREK, K. and ÇINAR, M. (2014) Efficacy of in-feed preparations of an anticoccidial, multienzyme, prebiotic, probiotic, and herbal essential oil mixture in healthy and Eimeria spp.-infected broilers. Poultry Science 93: 389-399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BOZKURT, M., GIANNENAS, I., KUCUKYILMAZ, K., CHRISTAKI, E. and FLOROU-PANERI, P. (2013) An update on approaches to controlling coccidia in poultry using botanical extracts. British Poultry Science 54: 713-727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BURT, S. (2004) Essential oils their antibacterial properties and potential applications in food-a review. The International Journal of Food Microbiology 94: 223-253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHAPMAN, H.D. (2000) Practical use of vaccines for the control of coccidiosis in the chicken. World's Poultry Science Journal 56: 7-20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHAPMAN, H.D. (2014) Milestones in avian coccidiosis research: A review. Poultry Science 93: 501-511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHAPMAN, H.D., JEFFERS, T.K. and WILLIAMS, R.B. (2010) Forty years of monensin for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. Poultry Science 89: 1788-1801.Google ScholarPubMed
CHRISTAKI, E., BONOS, E., GIANNENAS, I. and FLOROU-PANERI, P. (2012) Review: Aromatic plants as a source of bioactive compounds. Agriculture 2: 228-243.Google Scholar
CHRISTAKI, E., FLOROU-PANERI, P., GIANNENAS, I., PAPAZAHARIADOU, M., BOTSOGLOU, N. and SPAIS, A.B. (2004) Effect of a mixture of herbal extracts on broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella . Animal Research 53: 137-144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DA SILVA, M.A., PESSOTTI, B.M.S., ZANINI, S.F., COLNAGO, G.L., RODRIGUES, M.R.A., NUNES, L.C., ZANINI, M.S. and MARTINS, I.V.F. (2009) Intestinal mucosa structure of broiler chickens infected experimentally with Eimeria tenella and treated with essential oil of oregano. Cienc Rural, Santa Maria 39: 1471-1477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DALLOUL, R.A. and LILLEHOJ, H.S. (2006) Poultry coccidiosis: recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development. Expert Review of Vaccines 5: 143-163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DELAQUIS, P.J., STANICH, K., GIRARD, B. and MAZZA, G. (2002) Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils. The International Journal of Food Microbiology 74: 101-109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DORMAN, H.J.D. and DEANS, S.G. (2000) Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88: 308-316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EVANS, J.W., PLUNKETT, M.S. and BANFIELD, M.J. (2001) Effect of an essential oil blend on coccidiosis in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 80: 258 (abstract).Google Scholar
GEORGIEVA, N.V., GABRASHANSKA, M., KOINARSKI, V. and ERMIDOU-POLLET, S. (2011a) Antioxidant status in Eimeria acervulina infected chickens after dietary selenium treatment. Trace Elements and Electrolytes 28: 42-48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GEORGIEVA, N.V., GABRASHANSKA, M., KOINARSKI, V. and YANEVA, Z. (2011b) Zinc supplementation against Eimeria acervulina induced oxidative damage in broiler chickens. Veterinary Medicine International: http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/647124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GIANNENAS, I., FLOROU-PANERI, P., PAPAZAHARIADOU, M., BOTSOGLOU, N.A., CHRISTAKI, E. and SPAIS, A.B. (2004) Effect of diet supplementation with ground oregano on performance of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria tenella . Archiv für Geflügelkunde 68: 247-252.Google Scholar
GIANNENAS, I., FLOROU-PANERI, P., PAPAZAHARIADOU, M., CHRISTAKI, E., BOTSOGLOU, N.A. and SPAIS, A.B. (2003) Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella . Archives of Animal Nutrition 57: 99-106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GREATHEAD, H. (2003) Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62: 279-290.Google ScholarPubMed
GREATHEAD, H. and KAMEL, C. (2006) Encapsulated plant extracts to fight coccidiosis. Feed Mix 14: 18-21.Google Scholar
HUME, M.E., CLEMENTE-HERNÁNDEZ, S. and OVIEDO-RONDON, E.O. (2006) Effects of feed additives and mixed Eimeria species infection on intestinal microbial ecology of broilers. Poultry Science 85: 2106-2111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HUYGHEBAERT, G., DUCATELLE, R. and IMMERSEEL, F.V. (2011) Review: An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers. Veterinary Journal 187: 182-188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
IBRIR, F., GREATHEAD, H.M.R. and FORBES, J.M. (2001) The effect of thymol/carvacrol treatments on the performance of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria Acervulina. Procedure alternative feed antibiotics anticoccidials in the pig and poultry. Meat Production Oslo.Google Scholar
IBRIR, F., GREATHEAD, H.M.R. and FORBES, J.M. (2002) The effect of thymol/carvacrol treatments on the performance of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61: No. OCB.Google Scholar
IBRIR, F., GREATHEAD, H.M.R. and FORBES, J.M. (2009) Effect of dietary thymol/carvacrol mixture at a range of concentrations on coccidial infection in broiler chickens. Proceedings of 2nd Mediterranean Summit of WPSA, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 309-317.Google Scholar
JAMROZ, D., WERTELECKI, T., HOUSZKA, M. and KAMEL, C. (2006) Influence of diet type on the inclusion of plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the stomach and jejunum walls in chicken. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition(Berl) 90: 255-268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JULIANO, C., MATTANA, A. and USAI, M. (2000) Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Thymus herba-barona Loisel growing wild in Sardinia. Journal of Essential Oil Research 12: 516-522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KHATER, H.F. (2011) Ecosmart Biorational Insecticides: Alternative Insect Control Strategies, in: PREVEEN, F (Ed) Insecticides - Advances in Integrated Pest Management, ISBN: 978-953-307-780-2, InTech, Croatia. DOI: 10.5772/27852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KHATER, H.F. (2014) Bioactivities of some essential oils against the camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator . Parasitology Research 113: 593-605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KHATER, H.F. and KHATER, D.F. (2009) Tropical medicine rounds; The insecticidal activity of four medicinal plants against the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). International Journal of Dermatology 48: 492-497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KHATER, H.F., EL-SHORBAGY, M.M. and SEDDIEK, S.A. (2014) Lousicidal efficacy of camphor oil, d-phenothrin, and deltamethrin against the slender pigeon louse, Columbicola columbae . International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine 2: 7-13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KHATER, H.F., HANAFY, A., ABDEL-MAGEED, A., RAMADAN, M.Y. and EL-MADAWY, R.S. (2011) Tropical medicine rounds; Control of the myiasis-producing fly, Lucilia sericata, with Egyptian essential oils. International Journal of Dermatology 50: 187-194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KHATER, H.F., RAMADAN, M.Y. and MAGEID, A.D.A. (2013) In vitro control of the camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator, with doramectin, lavender, camphor, and onion oils. Parasitology Research 112: 2503-2510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KUCUKYILMAZ, K., BOZKURT, M., SELEK, N., GUVEN, E., EREN, H., ATASEVER, A., BINTAS, E., CATLI, A.U. and CINAR, M. (2012) Effects of vaccination against coccidiosis, with and without a specific herbal essential oil blend, on performance, oocyst excretion and serum IBD titers of broilers reared on litter. Italian Journal of Animal Science 11: 1-8.Google Scholar
LEE, K.W., EVERTS, H. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2004) Essential Oils in Broiler Nutrition. International Journal of Poultry Science 3: 738-752.Google Scholar
LEE, K.W., EVERTS, H., KAPPERT, H.J., YEOM, K.H. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2003) Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12: 394-399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LIU, Y.C., ZENG, J.G., CHEN, B.O. and YAO, S.Z. (2007) Investigation of phenolic constituents in Echinacea purpurea grown in China. Planta Medica 73: 1600-1605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MACHADO, M., DINIS, A.M., SALGUEIRO, L., CAVALEIRO, C., CUSTODIO, J.B.A. and DO CEU SOUSA, M. (2010) Anti-Giardia activity of phenolic-rich essential oils: effects of Tymbra capitata, Origanum virens, Tymus zygis subsp. sylvestris, and Lippia graveolens on trophozoites growth, viability, adherence and ultrastructure. Parasitology Research 106: 1205-1215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MASOOD, S., ABBAS, R.Z., IQBAL, Z., MANSOOR, M.K., SINDHU, Z.U.D., ZIA, M.A. and KHAN, J.A. (2013) Role of natural antioxidants for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 33: 401-407.Google Scholar
MCCLOUD, T.G. (2010) High throughput extraction of plant, marine and fungal specimens for preservation of biologically active molecules-a review. Molecules 15: 4526-4563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MILHAU, G., VALENTIN, A., BENOIT, F., MALLIE, M., BASTIDE, J.M., PELISSIER, Y. and BESSIERE, J.N. (1997) In vitro antimalarial activity of eight essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research 9: 329-333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MOHITI-ASLI, M. and GHANAATPARAST-RASHTI, M. (2015) Dietary oregano essential oil alleviates experimentally induced coccidiosis in broilers. Preventive veterinary medicine 120: 195-202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MONDAL, H., HOSSAIN, H., WANGK, A., SAHA, S., RASHID, S.M.U., ISLAM, M.K., RAHMAN, M.S., JAHAN, I.A., RAHMAN, M.M. and SHILPI, J.A. (2015) . Anthelmintic activity of ellagic acid, a major constituent of Alternanthera sessilis against Haemonchus contortus . Pakistan Veterinary Journal 35: 58-62.Google Scholar
NAIDOO, V., MCGAW, L.J., BISSCHOP, S.P., DUNCAN, N. and ELOFF, J.N. (2008) The value of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in attenuating coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Veterinary Parasitology 153: 214-219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OGUNGBE, I.V. and SETZER, W.N. (2008) Cruzain inhibition by terpenoids: A molecular docking analysis. Natural Product Communications 3: 865-868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OVIEDO-RONDON, E.O., CLEMENTE-HERNÁNDEZ, S., SALVADOR, F., WILLIAMS, P. and LOSA, R. (2006b) Essential Oils on Mixed Coccidia Vaccination and Infection in Broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science 5: 723-730.Google Scholar
OVIEDO-RONDON, E.O., CLEMENTE-HERNANDEZ, S., WILLIAMS, P. and LOSA, R. (2005) Responses of coccidia-vaccinated broilers to essential oil blends supplementation up to forty-nine days of age. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1: 657-664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OVIEDO-RONDON, E.O., HUME, M.E., HERNANDEZ, C. and CLEMENTE-HERNANDEZ, S. (2006a) Intestinal microbial ecology of broilers vaccinated and challenged with mixed Eimeria species, and supplemented with essential oil blends. Poultry Science 85: 854-860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PEDROSO, R.B., UEDA-NAKAMURA, T., DIAS FILHO, B.P., CORTEZ, D.A.G., CORTEZ, L.E.R., MORGADO-DIAZ, J.A. and NAKAMURA, C.V. (2006) Biological activities of essential oil obtained from Cymbopogon citratus on Crithidia deanei . Acta-Protozoologica 45: 231-240.Google Scholar
PEEK, H.W. and LANDMAN, W.J. (2011) Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies. Veterinary Quarterly 313: 143-161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAMADAN, M.Y., KHATER, H.F., SEDDIEK, S.A. and ABD EL-ATY, M.A. (2015) Protozoal incidence in balady chicken flocks after viral vaccinations. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 29 (1): 105-111.Google Scholar
REISINGER, N., STEINER, T., NITSCH, S., SCHATZMAYR, G. and APPLEGATE, T.J. (2011) Effects of a blend of essential oils on broiler performance and intestinal morphology during coccidial vaccine exposure. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 20: 272-283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
REMMAL, A., ACHAHBAR, S., BOUDDINE, L., CHAMI, F. and CHAMI, N. (2013) Oocysticidal effect of essential oil components against chicken Eimeria oocysts. International Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports Vol. 2013 Article ID 599816, 8 pages.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
REMMAL, A., ACHAHBAR, S., BOUDDINE, L., CHAMI, N. and CHAMI, F. (2011) In vitro destruction of Eimeria oocysts by essential oils. Veterinary Parasitology 182: 121-126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RODRIGUES, G.H., KIMURA, E.A., PERES, V.J., COUTO, A.S., AQUINO, D.F.A. and KATZIN, A.M. (2004) Terpenes arrest parasitic development and inhibit biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparum . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48: 2502-2509.Google Scholar
RUSSO, M., GALLETTI, G.C., BOCCHINI, P. and CARNACINI, A. (1998) Essential oil chemical composition of wild populations of Italian oregano spice (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) letswaart): A preliminary evaluation of their use in chemotaxonomy by cluster analysis: 1. Inflorescences. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 3741-3746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAINI, R., DAVIS, S. and DUDLEY-CASH, W. (2003) Oregano essential oil reduces the expression of coccidiosis in broilers. Proceeding of the 52nd Conference on Western Poultry Diseases, Sacramento, CA, pp. 97-98.Google Scholar
SANAA, A., FOUZIA, C., NAJAT, C. and ADNANE, R. (2012) In vitro destructive effect of essential oil components against chicken, Eimeria Oocysts. Trends in Biosciences Journal 5: 266-271.Google Scholar
SHARMAN, P.A., SMITH, N.C., WALLACH, M.G. and KATRIB, M. (2010) Chasing the golden egg: vaccination against poultry coccidiosis. Parasite Immunology 32: 590-598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SIKKEMA, J.D.E., BONT, J.A. and POOLMAN, B. (1995) Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiology Reviews 59: 201-222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TSINAS, A., GIANNENAS, I., VOIDAROU, C., TZORA, A. and SKOUFOS, J. (2011) Effects of oregano based dietary supplement on performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima . Journal of Poultry Science 48: 194-200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UEDA-NAKAMURA, T., MENDONCA-FILHO, R.R., MORGADO-DIAZ, J.A., KOREHISA, P., PRADO, B., APARICIO, D., ALVIANO, D.S., ROSA, M.D.S., LOPES, A.H., ALVIANO, C.S. and NAKAMURA, C.V. (2006) Antileishmanial activity of eugenol-rich essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum . Parasitology International 55: 99-105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ULTEE, A., KETS, E.P.W. and SMID, E.J. (1999) Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the food borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 4606-4610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VERCESI, A.E., KOWALTOWSKI, A.J., GRIJALBA, M.T., MEINICKE, A.R. and CASTILHO, R.F. (1997) The role of reactive oxygen species in mitochondrial permeability transition. Bioscience Reports 17: 43-52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WAGHORN, G.C. and MCNABB, W.C. (2003) Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity and health of ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62: 383-92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WALDENSTEDT, L. (2003) Effect of vaccination against coccidiosis in combination with an antibacterial oregano (Origanum vulgare) compound in organic broiler production. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science 53: 101-109.Google Scholar
WALLACE, R.J., OLESZEK, W., FRANZ, C., HAHN, I., BASER, K.H.C., MATHE, A. and TEICHMANN, K. (2010) Dietary plant bioactives for poultry health and productivity. British Poultry Science 51: 461-487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WILLIAMS, R.B. (1997) Laboratory tests of phenolic disinfectants as oocysticides against the chicken coccidium Eimeria tenella . Veterinary Records 141: 447-448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZHAI, Z., YI, L., WU, L., SENCHINA, D.S., WURTELE, E.S., MURPHY, P.A., KOHUT, M.L. and CUNNIK, J. (2007) Enhancement of innate and adaptive immune functions by multiple Echinacea species. Journal of Medicinal Food 10: 423-434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed