Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T02:49:19.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Some epidemiological aspects and vector role of tick infestation on layers in the Faisalabad district (Pakistan)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

A.H. Shah ,
M.N. Khan ,
Z. Iqbal ,
M.S. Sajid  and
M.S. Akhtar
A.H. Shah
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary ParasitologyUniversity of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
M.N. Khan
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary ParasitologyUniversity of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
Z. Iqbal
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary ParasitologyUniversity of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
M.S. Sajid*
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary ParasitologyUniversity of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
M.S. Akhtar
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
*
*Corresponding author: drsohailuaf@hotmail.com
Get access

Abstract

This study was carried out on some epidemiological aspects and vector role of ticks infesting layers in Faisalabad (Pakistan). The prevalence of tick infestation was found as 11% (88/800), 24% (192/800) and 12.7% (413/3250) on Indigenous, Babcock and White Leghorn varieties of layers, respectively. Two species of ticks namely Argas persicus (10%; 485/4,850) and Argas vespertilionis (3.5%; 170/4,850) were recorded. Tick infestation was found higherin summermonths, in youngerbirds and in areas having densely located farms. The vector role of Argas persicus and Argas vespertilionis in the transmission of spirochaetosis in layer chicken was confirmed through isolation of Borrelia anserina from naturally infected ticks and their experimental transmission. Three species of bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella pullorum and Escherichia coli were isolated from the triturated Argas persicus and Argas vespertilionis. Results of the present study were not different from those reported in literature, but for the first time in the study area. These results warrant for further research and also following effective tick control programs in orderto save the farmers from economic losses.

Keywords

epidemiological aspectsvector roletick infestationlayers, poultry
Type
Regional Report
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , March 2006 , pp. 145 - 157
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdu, P.A. (1987) Infectious bursal disease in pullet chicks. Avian Diseases 31: 204–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdussalam, M. and Sarwar, M.M. (1953) Trees as habitat of Argas persicus (Oken). Bulletin of Entomological Research 44: 419–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anjum, A.D. (1990) Weather and disease: I. Prevalence of the poultry diseases in and around Faisalabad and their relationship to weather. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 10: 43–5.Google Scholar
Axtell, R.C. (1999) Poultry integrated pest management: status and future. Integrated pest management reviews 4: 53–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergstrom, S., Haemig, P.D. and Olsen, B. (1999) Increased mortality of black-browed albatross chicks at a colony heavily-infested with the tick Ixodes uriae. International Journal of Parasitolology 29: 1359–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, J. and Biesemans, W. (1986) Ectoparasites of birds in Belgium. Bulletin et Annales de la societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie 122: 269–71.Google Scholar
Bhatti, B.M. (1989) Incidence of poultry disease and their importance in poultry production. Pakistan Poultry Journal 2: 5–6.Google Scholar
Bhatti, W.M., Kakar, S.M., Soomro, N.M., Phulan, M.S. and Siddiqui, L.A. (2001) Incidence and gross pathological changes in chickens affected with spirochaetosis. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 21: 163–65.Google Scholar
Brglez, J., Gliha, B., Lazar, B. and Mrzel, I. (1970) Economic importance of the ectoparasites in poultry. Veterinaria, Yugoslavia 19(1): 185–87.Google Scholar
Buriro, S.N. (1979) Role of Argas (Persicargas) persicus in transmission of spirochaetosis. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 11: 221–4.Google Scholar
Buriro, S.N. (1983) Relative abundance of different species of bacteria isolated from Argas persicus. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 3: 126–8.Google Scholar
Buriro, S.N. and Akbar, S.S. (1978) Incidence and occurrence of ectoparasites of poultry in Pakistan. Zeitschrift-fur-Angewandte-Entomolgie 86: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buxton, A. and Fraser, G. (1977) Animal Microbiology Vol. 1. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., London. pp: 261–62.Google Scholar
Calnek, B.W., Barnes, H.J., Beard, C.W., Reid, W.M. and Yoder, H.W. Jr. (1991) Diseases of Poultry. Wolfe Publishing Ltd., England. pp: 702–727.Google Scholar
Cruickshank, R., Dugsid, J.P., Marmion, B.P. and Swan, R.H.A. (1975) Medical Microbiology Vol. II. Longman Group Ltd., Britain. pp: 49–52.Google Scholar
Davelaar, F.G., Smit, H.F., Hovind-Hougen, K., Dwars, R.M. and Van Der Valk, P.C. (1986) Infectious typhilitis in chickens caused by spirochaetes. Avian Pathology 21: 427–29.Google Scholar
Durden, L.A., McLean, R.G., Oliver, J.H., Ubico, S.R. and James, A.M. (1997) Ticks, Lyme disease spirochaetes, trypanosomes and antibody to encephalitis viruses in wild birds from coastal Georgia and South Carolina. Journal of Parasitology 83: 1178–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durden, L.A., Oliver, J.H. Jr. and Kinsey, A.A. (2001) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and spirochetes (spirochaetaceae: spirochaetales) recovered from birds on a Georgia Barrier Island. Journal of Medical Entomology 38: 231–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dusbabek, F., Uhlir, J. and Borsky, I. (1994) Age dependent immune response of chickens to feeding by Argas persicus larvae. Veterinary Parasitology 51: 307–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eastwood, E.B. (1972) First record of Argas persicus from Southern Africa. Journal of Parasitology 58: 251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Kifl, A.H., Wahab, A., Kamel, M.K. and Abdel, W.A.E. (1973) Poultry ectoparasites in Sharikia Governorate. Agricultural Reviews 51: 113–20.Google Scholar
Fabiyi, J.P. (1980) Survey of lice infesting domestic fowl on the Jos Plateau, Northern Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health Production, Africa 28: 215–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Fahmy, M.A.M. (1952) New records of ecto and endoparasites of chickens in Egypt with special reference to the taxonomy of Subulura brumpti. Journal of Parasitology 38: 184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frolov, B.A. and Li, R.A. (1982) Control of ectoparasites in industrial poultry breeding. Veterinaria, Moscow 9: 22–23.Google Scholar
Frolov, B.A., Chirikashvilli, R.V. and Dazhiev, A.Z. (1972) Ftalofos (phosmet) for the control of Argas persicus in poultry houses. Problemy-Veterinarnoi Sanitarii 41: 331–7.Google Scholar
Frolov, B.A., Kachekova, SH., Morozov, A., Bulatov, R.M. and Lopukhov, P.A. (1978) Acaricides for ectoparasites of poultry. Veterinaria Moscow 11: 75–6.Google Scholar
Frolov, B.A., Sivokhina, V.E. and V-yunov, L.P. (1985) Control of ectoparasites in poultry- rearing premises. Veterinaria Moscow 11: 48–9.Google Scholar
Gabaj, M.M., Awan, M.A. and Beesley, W.N. (1992) A survey of ticks on farm animals in Libya. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 86: 543–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glukhov, V.F., Novikov, V.G., Dorofeev, V.I. and Kravtsov, V.A. (1978) Argas persicus as the reservoir and vector of poultry mycoplasms. Veterinariya, Moscow, USSR 9: 53–55.Google Scholar
Gylfe, A., Bergstrom, S., Lundastrom, J. and Oslon, B. (2000) Epidemiology, reactivation of Borrelia infection in birds. Nature 403: 724–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gyurov, B. (1983) Role of Argas persicus in the epidemiology of fowl typhoid. Veterinarna Sbirka 81: 22–4.Google Scholar
Habeeb, S.M., Sayed, M.A. and El-Kammah, K.M. (2001) Studies on chicken acquired resistance to Argas (persicargas) persicus (Acari: Argasidae) due to repeated infestation. Journal of Egyptian Society of Parasitology 31: 467–77.Google ScholarPubMed
Hafeez, A. and Irfan, M. (1979) Pathology and pathogenesis of experimentally produced spirochaetosis in poultry through Argas persicus. Post graduate research in Vet. Sci., Univ. Agri. Faisalabad (1982) pp. 84–85.Google Scholar
Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M.N. and Kohls, G.M. (1968) The Subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea, Argasidae, Argas). Argas robertsi, New Species, A Parasite of Australian Fowl and Keys to Australian Argasid species. Annals of Entomological Society of America 61: 535–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iqbal, M. (1971) Studies on the ectoparasites of livestock with special emphasis on the incidence, economic losses and chemotherapy. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Vet. Sci., Univ. Agri. Faisalabad.Google Scholar
Iqbal, Z., Khan, M.N. and Jabbar, A. (2003) An Illustrated Text Book of Veterinary Entomology. University of Agriculture Press Faisalabad, Pakistan. pp: 124–141.Google Scholar
Ishiguro, F., Wada, S. and Inada, K. (1997) Isolation of Lyme Borrelia from ticks fed on birds in the Nyu highland Fukui prefecture. Journal of Japanese Veterinary Medical Association 50: 555–8.Google Scholar
Jawetz, E., Melnick, J.L. and Adelberg, E.A. (1984) Review of Medical Microbiology. Lange Medical Publications Los Altos California. pp: 85–91.Google Scholar
Kachekova, SH. and Frolov, B.A. (1978) Insecticidal and acaricidal activity of pyrethroids against poultry ectoparasites. Problems-Veterinarnoi-Sanitarii 61: 61–3.Google Scholar
Khan, K.N.M., Irfan, M. and Nagra, R.M. (1986) Experimental transmission and pathology of avian spirochaetosis. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 6: 160–5.Google Scholar
Khan, L.A. (2001) Studies on the prevalence, economic losses and chemotherapy of tick infestation on commercial layers. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty Vet. Sci., Univ. Agri. Faisalabad.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, D.T. and Wagner, G.E. (1990) Microbiology. Harwal Publishing Company, Media Pennsylvania. pp: 81–181.Google Scholar
Kinsey, A.A., Durden, L.A. and OLIVER, J.H. Jr. (2000) Tick infestations of birds in coastal Georgia and Alabama. Journal of Parasitology 86: 251–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraiss, A. and Gothe, R. (1982) The life cycle of Argas (Argas) africolumbae under constant abiotic and biotic conditions. Veterinary Parasitology 11: 365–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulisic, Z.Milutinovic, M.Pavlovic, I.Bobic, B. and Aleksic, N. (1995) Investigation of ixodid and argasid ticks on some mammals and birds in the extended area of Belgrade. Acta Veterinaria Beograd 45: 323–30.Google Scholar
Kumar, S., Prakash, S., Kaushik, M.P. and Rao, K.M. (1992) Comparative activity of three repellants against the ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus and A. persicus. Medical Veterinary Entomology 6: 47–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeflang, P. and Ilemobade, A.A. (1977) Tick borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health Production 9: 211–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, R.A. and Yarnykh, V.S. (1981) Efficacy of ectocide (a pyrethrin preparation) against poultry ectoparasites. Tok. Zas. Sko. Zhi. ekto.-Toxico. Antiparasitic–agents-and protection -of-farm-animals –from –ectoparasites: 48–53.Google Scholar
Magalhaes, F.E.P.D., Massard, C.L. and Serra, N.M. (1987) Paralysis in Gallus gallus and Cairina moschata induced by larvae of Argas miniatus. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 7: 47–49.Google Scholar
Mir, A.S., Pandit, B.A., Shahardar, R.A. and Banday, M.A.A. (1993) Prevalence of ectoparasites in indigenous fowls of Kashmir valley. Indian Veterinary Journal 70: 1071–72.Google Scholar
Mock, D.E., Applegate, R.D. and Fox, L.B. (2001) Preliminary survey of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing wild turkeys (Aves: Phasianidae) in eastern Kansas. Journal Medical Entomology 38: 118–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mousa, S., Gad, N., Soliman, A., Sakkar, I. and Raheem, M.A. (1988) Investigations on the efficacy of ivermectin for ectoparasites and nematodes in chicken. iii. Effect of oral administration of ivermectin on different stages of A. persicus. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 19: 190–44.Google Scholar
Nemova, N.V., Alekseev, A.N., Kostiukov, M.A., Gordeeva, Z.E. and Kuima, A.U. (1990) An experimental study of the reproduction of the Hissar virus (Bunyaviridae) in Argas persicus ticks. Medical Parasitology 1: 35–6.Google Scholar
Norval, R.A.I., Short, N.J. and Chisholm, M. (1985) The ticks of Zimbabwe. XIII. The distribution and ecology of Argas walkerae. Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal 16: 44–53.Google Scholar
Okaeme, A.N. (1988) Ectoparasites of guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris galeata pallas) and Local domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) in southern Guinea Nigeria. Veterinary Research Communications 12: 277–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okaeme, A.N. (1989) Lameness associated with ectoparasitic infestation in Numidia meleagris maleata, Gallus domestica, Pavo multicus. Bulletin Animal Health Production, Africa 37: 189–90.Google Scholar
Orichova, M., Osman, O.M. and Ali, A.A. (1978) A note on Argas Persicus in Khartoum province Sudan. Bulletin Animal Health Production, Africa 26: 321–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Oyoun, L.M.I., El-kammah, K.M., Madbouly, M.H., Habeeb, S.M. and EI-Kammah, K.M. (1990) Ecological studies on poultry ticks and life cycle study of Argas hermanni. Bulletin-de-la-societe-Entomologique-d, Egypte 69: 287–94.Google Scholar
Pavlovic, I. and Nesic, D. (1991) Parasite fauna in intensively farmed poultry in Serbia in 1989. Veterinarski Glasnik 45: 245–7.Google Scholar
Pavlovic, I., Blazin, V., Hudina, V., Ilic, Z. and Miljkovic, B. (1989) Effect of the biting louse Menacanthus stramineus on reducing the egg production of poultry under intensive conditions. Veterinarski Glasnik 43: 181–86.Google Scholar
Pavlovic, I., Hadina, V., Blazin, V., Ilic, Z. and Miljkovic, B. (1988) Ectoparasitosis caused by Argas persicus ticks on a private poultry farm and its control. Veterinarski – Glasnik 42(9): 585–9.Google Scholar
Permin, A. and Hansen, J.W. (1998) Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of poultry parasites. FAO, Rome, pp. 4–56.Google Scholar
Petrie, A. and Watson, P. (1999) Statistics for veterinary and animal science, Blackwell Science, Ltd., London, U.K.Google Scholar
Petrov, D. (1972) Role of Argas persicus in the epidemiology of New castle disease. Veterinarnomeditsinki-Nauki, Sofia 9: 13–17.Google Scholar
Petrov, D. and Gecheva, G. (1975) Study of some biological peculiarities of Argas persicus. Veterinary Medicine Nauki 12: 25–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Phillips, N.D., La, T. and Hampson, D.J. (2003) Survival of intestinal spirochaete strains from chickens in the presence of disinfectants and in faeces held at different temperatures. Avian Pathology 32: 639–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, N.D., La, T. and Hampson, D.J. (2005) A cross-sectional study to investigate the occurrence and distribution of intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) in three flocks of laying hens. Veterinary Microbiology 105: 189–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phulan, M.S., Bhatti, W.M. and Buriro, S.N. (1984) Incidence of Argas persicus in poultry. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 4: 174–5.Google Scholar
Rashid, J. and Ali, A. (1991) Comparative study of pathogenicity of experimentally produced Borrelia anserina infection in commercial and desi chicks. Pakistan Journal Zoology 23: 361–362.Google Scholar
Rehacek, J., Urvolgyi, J. and Kovacova, E. (1977) Massive occurrence of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in fowl tampan, Argas persicus, in the Armenian S.S.R. Acta Virologica 21: 431–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Reid, W.M. (1956) Incidence and economic importance of poultry parasites under different ecological and geographical situations in Egypt. Poultry Science 35: 926–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodey, M.V. and Soni, J.L. (1977) Epidemiology of spirochaetosis in chickens: effective measures for control of ticks – Argas persicus. Poultry Guide 14(10): 35–37.Google Scholar
Rosenstein, M. (1976) Paralysis in chicken caused by larvae of the poultry tick, Argas persicus. Avian Diseases 20: 407–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roshdy, M.A. (1961) Intracellular rickettsia like microorganisms in certain ticks. Nature 192: 186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sa-Idu-L, R.I., Agbede, S. and Abdu, A.P. (1995) Prevalence of avian spirochaetosis in Zaria (1980–1989). Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 50: 39–40.Google Scholar
Sheikh, N.A. (1968) A study on the taxonomy and bionomics of species of Genus Argas. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty Vet. Sci., Univ. Agri. Faisalabad.Google Scholar
Siddique, M., Javed, T. and Sabri, M.A. (1987) Incidence and pathology of various poultry diseases prevalent in Faisalabad and Surrounding districts. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 7: 148–54.Google Scholar
Sinha, R.P., Prasad, R.S.Roy, S. and Zahinuddin, M. (1989) Effect of pestoban against ectoparasites of livestock and poultry. Livestock Advisor 12: 26–30.Google Scholar
Sluda, K., Hoogstraal, H., Clifford, C.M. and Wassef, H.Y. (1979) Observations on the subgenus Argas (Ixodoidea Argasidae = Argas). Argas (A.) polonicus sp. N. parasitizing domestic pigeon in Krakow, Poland. Journal of parasitology 65: 170–81.Google Scholar
Sokolov, V.D., Mamleev, S.R., Tal-Drik, A., Klevtsov, E.D., Shcherbakov, A.S., Shornikov, V.V., Nemilova, T.N. and Sokolov, E-YA.. (1980) Aerosols against poultry ectoparasites (carbamate preparation “4–74”). Veterinaria-Moscow 12: 28–30.Google Scholar
Soliman, A.M., Mousa, S.A., Gad, N., Desouky, U. and Sokkar, I.M. (1988) Rodents and ticks, as a reservoir of Mycoplasma in poultry farms. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 9: 184–90.Google Scholar
Soni, J.L. (1979) An outbreak of tick paralysis in white Leghorn chicks due to Argas persicus. Indian Veterinary Journal 56: 149–52.Google Scholar
Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982) Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of domesticated animals. 7th ed., Bailliere Tindall and Cassel Ltd., London, pp: 162–8, 337–9, 765–72.Google Scholar
Srivastava, S.C., Khan, M.H. and Moin, R. (1981) Note on the biology of poultry tick, Argas persicus (Oken) (Acarina:Argasidae). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 51: 387–89.Google Scholar
Stefanov, V., Matev, I. and Balimezov, I. (1975) Role of ticks of the species Argas persicus in the epizootology of pullorum disease in birds. Veterinary Medicine Nauki 12: 45–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Stephens, C.P. and Hampson, D.J. (2001) Intestinal spirochaete infections in chicken: a review of disease associations, epidemiology and control. Animal Health Research Reviews 2: 83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, C.P. and Hampson, D.J. (2002) Evaluation of tiamulin and lincomycin for the treatment of broiler breeders experimentally infected with the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli. Avian Pathology 31: 299–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thrusfield, M. (1995) Veterinary Epidemiology. Blackwell Science Limited, U.S.A. pp: 180–81.Google Scholar
Tian, Q.Y. and Guan, Y. (1989) Sensitivity test of Argas persicus to 4 acaricides and the use of deltamethrin dips to kill A. persicus on chicken. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15: 24–5.Google Scholar
Tsanov, T.S.S. (1983) Epizootology of aegyptianellosis in poultry. Veterinary Medicine Nauki 20: 41–46.Google Scholar
Urquhart, G.M., Armour, J., Duncan, J.L., Dunn, A.M. and Jennings, F.W. (1987) Veterinary Parasitology. Longman Group UK Ltd., pp: 176–-83.Google Scholar
Wall, R. and Shearer, D. (1997) Veterinary Entomology, Arthropod Ectoparasites of Veterinary Importance. Champan and Hall, London, UK. pp: 135–137.Google Scholar
Whitlock, J.S. (1960) Diagnosis of Veterinary Parasitisms. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. pp: 63–70.Google Scholar