Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:50:32.780Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Use of citric acid in broiler diets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 February 2012

K.M.S. ISLAM
K.M.S. ISLAM*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
*
Corresponding author: kmsislam1@yahoo.com
Get access

Abstract

Organic acids and their salts have been approved by European legislation as an alternate source of antibiotic growth promoter in diets, because antibiotics are associated with problems due to potential residual effects via food animals developing resistant strains of pathogens. Citric acid (CA) is a weak organic acid which is a natural preservative and can add an acidic or sour taste to foods and soft drinks. It exists in small amounts in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus. Penicillium mould and Aspergillus niger could be efficient CA producers on a commercial basis. Its inclusion in animal diets has been reported to decrease colonisation of pathogens and limit then production of toxic metabolites, improve availability of protein, Ca, P, Mg and Zn as well as serve as a substrate in intermediary metabolism. Its addition in drinking water is not promising for performance, but lower doses would be useful for sanitary aspects and gut health. Its inclusion at 0.5% in the diet improves performance and non-specific immunity of broilers. It also enhanced specific immunity against new castle disease in vaccinated broilers. Current data supports a recommendation in the broiler diet up to 0.75% in pelleted feed and 0.5% in mash diets, with a safety margin of 6.0%. Additional research is needed to determine the feasibility of its use in low nutrient density broiler diets.

Keywords

broilercitric acidfeedimmunitymineralmetabolismperformance
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 68 , Issue 1 , March 2012 , pp. 104 - 118
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABDEL-FATTAH, S.A., EI-SANHOURY, M.H., EI-MEDNAY, N.M. and ABDUL-AZEEM, F. (2008) Thyroid activity of broiler chicks fed supplemental organic acid. International Journal of Poultry Science 7: 215-222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AÇIKGÖZ, Z., BAYRAKTAR, H., ALTAN, and Ö., (2011) Effects of formic acid administration in the drinking water on performance, intestinal microflora and carcass contamination in male broilers under high ambient temperature. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 24: 96-102 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ADIL, S., BANDAY, T., BHAT, G.A., MIR, M.S. and REHMAN, M. (2010) Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Organic Acids on Performance, Intestinal Histomorphology, and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chicken. Veterinary Medicine International 10: 4061-4067.Google Scholar
AFSHARMANESH, M. and POURREZA, J. (2005) Effects of calcium, citric acid, ascorbic acid and vitamin D3 on the efficacy of microbial phytase in broiler starters fed wheat based diets. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: 418-424.Google Scholar
AKYUREK, H., OZDUVEN, M.L., OKUR, A.A., KOC, F. and SAMLI, H.E. (2011) The effect of supplementing an organic acid blend and/or microbial phytase to a corn-soybean based diet fed to broiler chickens. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6: 642-649.Google Scholar
ANDERSON, J.O., WARNICK, R.E. and NAKHATA, N. (1979) Effect of cage and floor rearing, dietary calcium, phosphorus, fluoride and energy levels, and temperature on growing turkey performance, the incidence of broken bones and bone weight, and bone ash. Poultry Science 58: 1175-1182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ANDRYS, R., KLECKER, D., ZEMAN, L. and MARECEK, E. (2003) The effect of changed pH values of feed in isophosphoric diets on chicken broiler performance. Czech Journal of Animal Science 48: 197-206.Google Scholar
ATAPATTU, N.S.B.M. and NELLIGASWATTA, C.J. (2005) Effect of citric acid on the performance and utilization of phosphorous and crude protein in broiler chickens fed rice by products based diets. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: 990-993.Google Scholar
BOLING, S.D., PARSONS, C.M. and BAKER, D.H. (1999) Effect of citric acid on calcium and phosphorus utilization and requirements for chicks fed phytate-free and cornsoybean meal diets. 88th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association. August 8-11,1999. Poultry Science Association, USA, pp. 64.Google Scholar
BOLING, S.D., WEBEL, D.M., MAVROMICHALIS, I., PARSONS, C.M. and BAKER, D.H. (2000) The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs. Animal Science 78: 682-689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BOLING, S.D., SNOW, J.L., PARSONS, C.M. and BAKER, D.H. (2001) The effect of citric acid on the calcium and phosphorus requirements of chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets. Poultry Science 80: 783-788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRENES, A., VIVEROS, A., ARIJA, I., CENTENO, C., PIZARRO, M. and BRAVO, C. (2003) The effect of citric acid and microbial phytase on mineral utilization in broiler chicks. Animal Feed Science and Technology 110: 201-219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BROZ, J., OLDALE, P. and VOLTZ, A.P. (1994) Effect of supplemental phytase on performance and phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens fed a low phosphorus diet without addition of inorganic phosphates. British Poultry Science 35: 273-280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CAVE, N.A.G. (1984) Effect of dietary propionic and lactic acid on feed intake by chicks. Poultry Science 63: 131-134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHOWDHURY, R., HAQUE, M.N., ISLAM, K.M.S. and KHALEDUZZAMAN, A.B.M. (2009a) A review on antibiotics in an animal feed. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 38: 22-32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHOWDHURY, R., ISLAM, K.M.S., KHAN, M.J., KARIM, M.R., HAQUE, M.N., KHATUN, M. and PESTI, G.M. (2009b) Effect of citric acid, avilamycin and their combination on the performance, tibia ash and immune status of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 88: 1616-1622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHOWDHURY, R., ISLAM, K.M.S., KHAN, M.J. and KARIM, M.R. (2009c) Effects of dietary supplementation of citric acid, avilamycin and their combination on the growth performance, tibia ash and immune status of broiler. Proceedings of the Seminar and International Poultry Show, 2009 (5-7 March). World's Poultry Science Association, Bangladesh Branch. pp.133.Google Scholar
COLLIGNON, P. (2003) A review-the use of antibiotics in food production animals-does this cause problems in human health. 9th Biennial Conference of the Australasian Pig Science Association (inc.) (APSA), Fremantle, Western Australia, 23-26 November 2003 pp. 73-80.Google Scholar
DAS, S.K., ISLAM, K.M.S. and ISLAM, M.A. (2011) Efficacy of citric acid in diet contains low levels of protein and energy on the performance and immunity of broiler. 7th International Poultry Show and Seminar - 2011 World's Poultry Science Association- Bangladesh Branch, 25-27 March, 2011, Dhaka, Bangladesh. pp. 318-324.Google Scholar
DASKIRAN, M., TEETER, R.G., VANHOOSER, S.L., GIBSON, M.L. and ROURA, E. (2004) Effect of dietary acidification on mortality rates, general performance, carcass characteristics and serum chemistry of broilers exposed to cycling high ambient temperature stress. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13: 605-613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DEEPA, C., JEYANTHI, G.P. and CHANDRASEKARAN, D. (2011) Effect of phytase and citric acid supplementation on the growth performance, phosphorus, calcium and nitrogen retention on broiler chicks fed with low level of available phosphorus. Asian Journal of Poultry Science 5: 28-34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DENIL, M., OKAN, F. and CELIK, K. (2003) Effect of dietary probiotic, organic acids and antibiotic supplementation of diets on broiler performance and carcass yield. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2: 89-91.Google Scholar
EBRAHIMNEZHAD, Y., SHIVAZAD, M., TAHERKHANI, R. and NAZERADL, K. (2008) Effects of citric acid and microbial phytase supplementation on performance and phytate phosphorus utilization in broiler chicks. Journal of Poultry Science 45: 20-24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EIDELSBURGER, U. and KIRCHGESSNER, M. (1994) Effect of organic acids and salts in the feed on fattening performance of broilers. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 58: 268-277.Google Scholar
FALKOWSKI, J.F. and AHERNE, F.X. (1984) Fumaric and citric acid as feed additives in starter pig Nutrition. Journal of Animal Science 58: 935-938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FRASER, F.R. (1988) Bone minerals and fat-soluble vitamins. In: BLAXTER, K. & MACDONALD, I. (Eds.) Comparative Nutrition, pp. 105-112 (John Libbey & Company Ltd. London, UK).Google Scholar
FROST, T.J. and ROLAND, D.A. (1991) Current methods used in determination and evaluation of the tibia strength: A correlation study involving birds fed various levels of cholecalciferol. Poultry Science 70: 1640-1643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GIRIPRASAD, B., RABINDRA, R.V., SIDDIQUI, S.M. and RAO, P.V. (1990) A study on the influence of different growth promoters in cockerels. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 52: 148-153.Google Scholar
GRIMINGER, P. and SCANES, C.G. (1986) Protein metabolism. In: STURKIE, P.D. (Ed.) Avian Physiology, 4th ed. Pp. 326-345 (Springer Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, Tokyo).Google Scholar
HAQUE, M.N., ISLAM, K.M.S., AKBAR, M.A., KARIM, M.R., CHOWDHURY, R., KHATUN, M. and KEMPPAINEN, B.W. (2010) Effect of dietary citric acid, flavomycin and their combination on the performance, tibia ash and immune status of broiler. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90: 57-63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ISLAM, M.Z., KHANDAKER, Z.H., CHOWDHURY, S.D. and ISLAM, K.M.S. (2008) Effect of citric acid and acetic acid on the performance of broilers. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University 6: 315-320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ISLAM, K.M.S., HAQUE, M.N., CHOWDHURY, R., SHAHIN, M.S.A. and ISLAM, K.N. (2010a) Effect of citric acid administration through water on the performance of broiler fed commercial diet. Bangladesh Journal of Progressive Science and Technology 8: 181-184.Google Scholar
ISLAM, K.M.S., SCHAEUBLIN, H., WENK, C., WANNER, M. and LIESEGANG, A. (2010b) Effect of dietary citric acid on the performance and mineral metabolism of broiler. Proceedings of 14th ESVCN congress September 6th-8th, 2010, European Society of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition, pp. 109.Google Scholar
ISLAM, K.M.S., SCHAEUBLIN, H., WENK, C., WANNER, M. and LIESEGANG, A. (2011a) Effect of dietary citric acid on the performance and mineral metabolism of broiler. 7th International Poultry Show and Seminar - 2011 World's Poultry Science Association- Bangladesh Branch, 25-27 March, 2011, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 168-175.Google Scholar
ISLAM, K.M.S., SCHAEUBLIN, H., WENK, C., WANNER, M. and LIESEGANG, A. (2011b) Effect of dietary citric acid on the performance and mineral metabolism of broiler. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition: In press.Google ScholarPubMed
ISLAM, M.S., ISLAM, K.M.S., AKBAR, M.A., HAQUE, M.N., HOSSAIN, M.E. and KHALEDUZZAMAN, A.B.M. (2011c) Dose titration and safety margin of citric acid in broiler. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition(submitted).Google Scholar
JOZEFIAK, D. and RUTKOWSKI, A. (2005) The effect of supplementing a symbiotic, organic acids or β-glucanase to barley based diets on the performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Feed Science 14: 447-450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KHACHATOURIANS, G.G. (1998) Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Canadian Medical Association Journal 159: 1129-1136.Google ScholarPubMed
KHATUN, M., ISLAM, K.M.S., HOWLEDER, M.A.R., HAQUE, M.N., CHOWDHURY, R. and KARIM, M.R. (2010) Effects of dietary citric acid, probiotic and their combination on the performance, tibia ash and non-specific immune status of broiler. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 80: 813-816.Google Scholar
MASSÉ, P.G., BOSKEY, A.L., ZIV, I., HAUSCHKA, P., DONOVAN, S.M., HOWELL, D.S. and COLE, D.E.C. (2003) Chemical and biomechanical characterization of hyperhomocysteinemic bone disease in an animal model. Published: 20 February 2003. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 4: 2http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/4/2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MEYER, W.A. and SUNDE, M.L. (1974) Bone breakage as affected by type of housing or an exercise machine for layers. Poultry Science 53: 878-885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MILES, R.D., BUTCHER, G.D., HENRY, P.R. and LITTELL, R.C. (2006) Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology. Poultry Science 85: 476-485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MIYAKE, M., KOZAI, Y., SAKURAI, T. and KASHIMA, I. (2007) Effects of citric acid administration on femoral trabecular structures in ovariectomized mice. Oral Radiology 23: 34-41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MROZ, Z. (2005) Organic acids as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters for pigs. Advances in Pork Production 16: 169.Google Scholar
MROZ, Z., JONGBLOED, A.W., PARTANEN, K., VREMAN, K., VAN DIEPEN, M., KEMME P.A., and KOGUT, J. (1997) The effect of dietary buffering capacity and organic acid supplementation (formic, fumaric, n-butyric acid) on digestibility of nutrients (protein, amino acids, energy and excreta production) in growing pigs. Report ID-DLO no 97. 014. pp 20-21.Google Scholar
NEZHAD, Y.E., SHIVAZAD, M., NAZEERADL, M. and BABAK, M.M.S. (2007) Influence of citric acid and microbial phytase on performance and phytate utilization in broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 61: 407-413.Google Scholar
NEZHAD, Y.E., GALE-KANDI, J.G., FARAHVASH, T. and YEGANEH, A.R. (2011) Effect of combination of citric acid and microbial phytase on digestibility of calcium, phosphorus and mineralization parameters of tibia bone in broiler. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 15089-15093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NOURMOHAMMADI, R., HOSSEINI, S.M. and FARHANGFAR, H. (2010) Effect of Dietary acidification on some blood parameters and weekly performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9: 3092-3097.Google Scholar
NOURMOHAMMADI, R., HOSSEINI, S.M., SARAEE, H., ARAB, A. and AREFINIA, H. (2011) Plasma thyroid hormone concentration and pH values of some GI-tract segments of broiler fed on different dietary citric acid and microbial phytase levels . Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10: 1450-1454.Google Scholar
ORBAN, J.L., ROLAND, S.D.A., BRYANT, M.M. and WILLIAMS, J.C. (1993) Factors influencing bone mineral content, density, breaking strength and ash as response criteria for assessing bone quality in chickens. Poultry Science 72: 437-446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OVIEDO, E.O. (2006) Important factors in water quality to improve broiler performance. Poultry site, Weekly Global Poultry Industry Review, September. http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/637/important-factors-in-water-quality-to-improve-broiler-performanceGoogle Scholar
PALIC, T., STANKOVIC, G. and NOVAKOVIC, Z. (1998) Effect of simultaneous application of sacox and Flavomycin preparations on broiler performance and health. Zivanarstvo 33: 211-214.Google Scholar
PILEGGI, V.J., LUCA, H.F.D., CRAMER, J.W. and STEENBOCK, H. (1956) Citrate in the prevention of rickets in rats. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 60: 52-57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RAFACZ-LIVINGSTON, K.A., MARTINEZ-AMEZCUA, C., PARSONS, C.M., BAKER, D.H. and SNOW, J. (2005) Citric acid improves phytate phosphorus utilization in crossbred and commercial broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84: 1370-1375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RAHMANI, H.R., SPEER, W. and MODIRSANEI, M. (2005) The effect of intestinal pH on broiler performance and immunity. Proceedings of the 15th European Symposium on poultry nutrition, Balatonfured, Netherlands: World's Poultry Science Association (WPSA), Hungary (25-29 September), pp. 338-340.Google Scholar
RATH, N.C., BALOG, J.M., HUFF, W.E., HUFF, G.R., KULKARNI, G.B. and TIERCE, J.F. (1999) Comparative difference in the composition and biomechanical properties of tibiae of seven-and seventy-two-week-old male and female broiler breeder chickens. Poultry Science 78: 1232-1239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RATH, N.C., HUFF, G.R. and BALOG, J.M. (2000) Factors regulating bone maturity and strength in poultry. Poultry Science 79: 1024-1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ROWLAND, L.O., HARMS, J.R.H., WILSON, H.R., ROSS, I.J. and FRY, J.L. (1967) Breaking strength of chick bones as an indication of dietary calcium and phosphorus adequacy. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 126: 399-401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SHAHIN, M.S.A., ISLAM, K.M.S., AKBAR, M.A., HAQUE, M.N., CHOWDHURY, R. and ISLAM, K.N. (2009) Effect of citric acid supplementation on the performance of broiler. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 16: 181-185.Google Scholar
SHEN-HUIFANG, , HAN-CHUIWANG, , DU-BING, and WANG, (2005) Effect of citric acid on production performance of three yellow chicken. China Poultry 27: 14-15.Google Scholar
SHOHL, A.T. (1937) The effect of the acid-base content of the diet upon the production and cure of rickets with special reference to citrates. Journal of Nutrition 14: 69-83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
THOMPSON, J.L. and HINTON, M. (1997) Antibacterial activity of formic and propionic acids in the diet of hens on salmonellas in the crop. British Poultry Science 38: 59-65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TOLBA, A.A.H. (2010) Reduction of broiler intestinal pathogenic micro-flora under normal or stressed condition. Egyptian Journal of Poultry Science 30: 249-270.Google Scholar
VARGAS-RODRIGUEZ, L., HERRERA-HARO, J., MORALES-BARRERA, E., SUAREZ-OPORTA, M.E., GONZATER-ALCORTA, M. and GARCIA-BAJALIL, C. (2002) Citric acid and microbial phytase relative to production performance and phosphorus, calcium and nitrogen excretion in laying hens. Technica-Pecuaria 40: 169-180.Google Scholar
WOYENGO, T.A., SLOMINSKI, B.A. and JONES, R.O. (2010) Growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with phytase alone or in combination with citric acid and multicarbohydrase. Poultry Science 89: 2221-2229CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WRIGHT, E. (1976) Some effects of dietary citric acid in small animals. Food and Cosmetic Toxicology 14: 561-564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed