Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:13:03.495Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

pygmy POP A Genealogy of Schizophonic Mimesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2019

Extract

Colin Turnbull's death, on July 28, 1994 (Pace 1994) hurdled me back into lengthy daydreams about the classes in anthropology I took with him from 1969-71 as a college junior and senior, classes that featured patiently detailed story after story drawn from his years of living with the Mbuti pygmies in the Ituri forest of Zaire. Colin was a humanist who came into anthropology from studies in philosophy and religion, and from a substantial background as a skilled keyboardist as well. He was my first model of an anthropologist whose understanding of sociability was nurtured by a deep musical engagement.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 By The International Council for Traditional Music

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adorno, Theodore 1983 Aesthetic Theory. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun 1991 Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology, in Richard Fox, ed., Recapturing Anthropology. Santa Fé, NM: School of American Research Press, pp. 191210.Google Scholar
Arom, Simha 1976 The Use of Playback Techniques in the Study of Oral Polyphonies. Ethnomusicology 20(3):483519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1980 Central African Republic. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 4:357361.Google Scholar
1991 African Polyphony and Polyrhythm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Attali, Jacques 1985 Noise: The Political Economy of Music. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Bahuchet, S. 1985 Les Pygmées Aka et la Forět Centrafricaine. Paris: SELAF. Bahuchet, S. and H. Guillaume 1982 Aka-Farmer Relations in the NorthWest Congo Basin, in Eleanor Leacock and Richard B. Lee, eds., Politics and History in Band Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Houston 1987 Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baraka, Amiri 1991 The Blues Aesthetic and the Black Aesthetic. Black Music Research Journal 11(2):101109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebey, Frances 1971 (1968) Agatha Moudio's Son. Nairobi: Heineman.Google Scholar
1975 (1969) African Music: A People's Art. London: Harrap.Google Scholar
1978 (1973) The Ashanti Doll. London: Heineman.Google Scholar
1981 (1976) King Albert. Westport: L. Hill.Google Scholar
Berliner, Paul 1994 Thinking in Jazz: The Infinite Art of Improvisation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogdan, Robert 1988 Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Fun and Profit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bradford, Phillips Verner and Blume, Harvey 1992 Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo. NY: Dell/Delta.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., ed. 1986 African Pygmies. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chadwick, Douglas 1995 Ndoki: Last Place on Earth. National Geographic 188(1):245.Google Scholar
Clifford, James 1988 The Predicament of Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cooke, Peter 1980 Pygmy music. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 15:482483.Google Scholar
Coombe, Rosemary J. 1996 Embodied Trademarks: Mimesis and Alterity on American Commercial Frontiers. Cultural Anthropology 11(2):202224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derrida, Jacques 1976 (1967) Of Grammatology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Dibango, Manu 1994 Three Kilos of Coffee. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Duffy, Thom 1993 Zap Mama Rides World Wave: Afro-European Quintet Bridges Cultural Gaps. Billboard, August 7, p. 1, 77.Google Scholar
Erlmann, Veit 1993 The Politics and Aesthetics of Transnational Musics. The World of Music 35(2):315.Google Scholar
Erlmann, Veit and Hernandez, Deborah Pacini, eds. 1993 The Politics and Aesthetics of ‘World Music.’ The World of Music. 35(2).Google Scholar
Errington, Shelly 1994 What Became Authentic Primitive Art? Cultural Anthropology 9(2):201226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feld, Steven 1994 From Schizophonia to Schismogenesis: On the Discourses and Practices of World Music and World Beat, in Charles Keil and Steven Feld, Music Grooves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 257289.Google Scholar
Fiedler, Leslie 1978 Freaks: Myths and Images of the Secret Self. New York: Simon and Shuster.Google Scholar
Foster, Robert 1991 Making National Cultures in the Global Ecumene. Annual Review of Anthropology 20:235260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frith, Simon, ed. 1993 Music and Copyright. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Fusco, Coco 1995 English is Broken Here. NY: New Press.Google Scholar
Garofalo, Reebee 1993 Whose World, What Beat: The Transnational Music Industry, Identity, and Cultural Imperialism. The World of Music 35(2): 1632.Google Scholar
Gates, Henry Louis 1988 The Signifying Monkey. NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gebauer, Gunter and Wulf, Christoph 1995 Mimesis: Culture, Art, Society. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gilroy, Paul 1993 The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, Erik 1995 In Depth With Deep Forest. Rhythm Music 4(8):36-39, 53.Google Scholar
Gomez-Peña, Guillermo 1993 Warrior for Gringostroika. NY: Grey wolf Press.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay 1981 Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Grass, Randall 1992 Zap Mamas. Village Voice, December 29, p. 84.Google Scholar
Grinker, Roy 1992 Houses in the Rainforest: Ethnicity and Inequality among Farmers and Foragers in Central Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Gould 1994 A Belgian-African Quartet Mixes Traditions In Many Ways. The New York Times, June 11, p. 16.Google Scholar
Haller, John 1975 Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority 1859-1900. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Hallet, Jean-Pierre, with Pelle, Alexandra 1973 Pygmy Kitabu. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Hancock, Herbie 1985 phone conversation, April.Google Scholar
Hebdige, Dick 1987 Cut ‘n’ Mix. NY: Methuen.Google Scholar
Henderson, Richard 1995 Born of Dreams: The Music of the Pygmies. The Beat 14(5): 4649.Google Scholar
Hewlett, Barry 1991 Intimate Fathers: The Nature and Context of Aka Pygmy Paternal Infant Care. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, Marvine 1972 Pygmies, Many Owned by Planters, Are Central Africa's Second-Class Citizens. The New York Times, July 8.Google Scholar
Jones, Leroi 1963 Blues People. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Kearney, Michael 1995 The Local and the Global: Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:547565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keil, Charles and Feld, Steven 1994 Music Grooves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, Kevin 1995 Eno: Gossip is Philosophy. Wired 3(5):146-151, 204209.Google Scholar
Kisliuk, Michelle 1992 Confronting the Quintessential: Singing, Dancing, and Everyday Life Among Biaka Pygmies (Central African Republic). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Performance Studies, New York University.Google Scholar
1994 correspondence, November 9.Google Scholar
Klee, Joe H. 1970 Leon Thomas: Avant-Garde with Roots. Down Beat 37(25):18-19 (December 10).Google Scholar
Krause, Bernie 1996 correspondence, March 7.Google Scholar
Leonhardt, Alec 1995 correspondence, June 21, July 25.Google Scholar
i.p. “Our Grandparents Were Pygmies.” Ph.D. disseration in progress, Department of Anthropology, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Lyons, Len 1983 The Great Jazz Pianists, Speaking of their Lives and Music. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Marcus, George and Myers, Fred, eds. 1995 The Traffic in Culture: Refiguring Art and Anthropology. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mark, Joan 1995 The King of the World in the Land of the Pygmies. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Mauss, Marcel 1976 (1929) The Gift. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Means, Andrew 1996 In the Field: Ethno-Phonography in the late 20th Century. Jazziz 13(5):7277.Google Scholar
Merriam, Alan P. 1980 Zaire. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 20: 621626.Google Scholar
Monson, Ingrid 1994 Doubleness and Jazz Improvisation: Irony, Parody, and Ethnomusicology. Critical Inquiry 20(2):283313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Melinda 1993 Artist Developments: Breaking Zap Mama. Billboard, March 20, p. 20.Google Scholar
Pace, Eric 1994 Colin M. Turnbull, 69, Anthropologist and Author. The New York Times, August 1.Google Scholar
Palmer, Robert 1980 Jon Hassell and the ‘Fourth World.’ Rolling Stone, September 4.Google Scholar
Pareles, Jon 1982 Eno Uncaged. Village Voice May 4, p. 77–8.Google Scholar
1994 Madonna Makes Her Next Career Move: Innocence. International Herald Tribune, October 25.Google Scholar
1996 Pop View: A Small World After All. The New York Times, March 24.Google Scholar
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen 1992 White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Price, Sally 1989 Primitive Art in Civilized Places. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rawlings, Tyson 1970 Africa is Where I Am: Interview with Leon Thomas. Jazz and Pop 9(11):1518.Google Scholar
Rose, Tricia 1994 Black Noise. Hanover. Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Andrew 1993 Ecoculture. Art Forum 32(4):1113.Google Scholar
Sarno, Louis 1993 Song from the Forest: My Life Among the Ba-Benjellé Pygmies. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
1995 Bayaka: The Extraordinary Music of the Ba-Benzélé Pygmies. (book/ CD). Roslyn, NY: Ellipsis Arts.Google Scholar
1996 phone conversation, together with Bernie Krause. February 13.Google Scholar
Schafer, R. Murray 1977 The Tuning of the World. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Seeger, Anthony 1991 Singing Other People's Songs. Cultural Survival Quarterly 15(3): 3639.Google Scholar
1992 Ethnomusicology and Music Law. Ethnomusicology 36(3): 345359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sher, Chuck 1991 The World's Greatest Fakebook. Petaluma, CA: Sher Music.Google Scholar
Sinclair, David 1992 Global Music Pulse: Belgium. Billboard, June 20, p. 47.Google Scholar
Sprague, David 1995 Deep Forest Mines Globe for Second Set. Billboard, March 18, p. 14.Google Scholar
Stern, Chip 1978 Egberto Gismonti: Finding the Avant-Garde in the Jungles of Brazil with an Eight-String Jazz Guitar. Guitar Player 12 (November):45, 114, 116, 118, 120.Google Scholar
Stewart, Susan 1993 On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Stockhausen, Karlheinz 1989 Towards a Cosmic Music. London: Element Books.Google Scholar
Taussig, Michael 1993 Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses. NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Thompson, Robert Farris and Bahuchet, S. 1991 Pygmées? Paris: Editions Dapper.Google Scholar
Toop, David 1995 Ocean of Sound: Aether Talk, Ambient Sound, and Imaginary Worlds. London: Serpent's Tail.Google Scholar
Torgovnick, Marianna 1990 Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Turnbull, Colin M. 1961 The Forest People. New York: Simon and Shuster.Google Scholar
1962 The Lonely African. New York: Simon and Shuster.Google Scholar
1965 Wayward Servants: The Two Worlds of the African Pygmies. New York: Natural History Press.Google Scholar
1972 The Mountain People. New York: Simon and Shuster.Google Scholar
1983 The Mbuti Pygmies: Change and Adaptation. New York: Holt Rinehart Winston.Google Scholar
Turner, Ben 1994 Bushwhackers! Melody Maker, February 12, p. 37.Google Scholar
Wallis, Roger and Malm, Krister 1984 Big Sounds from Small Peoples: The Music Industry in Small Countries. New York: Pendragon.Google Scholar
Watrous, Peter 1996 Jimmy Rowles, 77, Lyrical Jazz Accompanist. The New York Times, May 30.Google Scholar
Wentz, Brooke 1994 Baka Beyond. Creem, January/February.Google Scholar

Recordings Cited

Aka Pygmy Music, Auvidis D 8054, 1973/1994.Google Scholar
Beyond, Baka, Spirit of the Forest, Rykodisc/Hannibal HNCD 1377, 1993.Google Scholar
Beyond, Baka, The Meeting Pool, Rykodisc/Hannibal HNCD 1388, 1995.Google Scholar
Bayaka: The Extraordinary Music of the BaBenzélé Pygmies and Sounds of their Forest Home, Ellipsis Arts CD 3490, 1995.Google Scholar
Bebey, Frances, Akwaaba, Original Music OMCD 005, 1985.Google Scholar
Bebey, Frances, Lambaréné Schweitzer, Disques Ceddia (Amaya No. 2) CED 001, 1993.Google Scholar
Bebey, Frances, Nandolo/With Love (Works 1963-1994), Original Music OMCD 027, 1995.Google Scholar
Cameroon: Baka Pygmy Music, Auvidis D8029, 1977/1990.Google Scholar
Centrafrique: Anthologie de la Musique des Pygmées Aka, Ocora C559012, 13, 1978/1993.Google Scholar
Congo: Cérémonie du Bobé, Ocora C 560010, 1991.Google Scholar
Deep Forest, 550 Music/Epic BK57840, 1992.Google Scholar
Echoes of the Forest: Music of the Central African Pygmies, Ellipsis Arts CD 4020, 1994.Google Scholar
Eno, Brian, Music for Airports, Editions EG, EGS 201, 1979.Google Scholar
Eno, Brian and Byrne, David, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, Sire 6093-2, 1981.Google Scholar
Eubanks, Robin, Mental Images, jMT 697 124 051-2, 1994.Google Scholar
Evans, Bill, You Must Believe In Spring, Warner Bros. 3504-2, 1977/1981.Google Scholar
Gabon: Musique des Pygmées Bibayak, Ocora C 559 053, 1989.Google Scholar
Gismonti, Egberto, Sol Do Meio Dia, ECM 1116, 1978.Google Scholar
Hancock, Herbie, Takin’ Off, Blue Note BLP 4109, 1962.Google Scholar
Hancock, Herbie, Headhunters, Columbia/Sony CK 47478, 1973/1992.Google Scholar
Hassell, Jon, Earthquake Island, Tomato TOM 7019, 1979.Google Scholar
Hassell, Jon/Eno, Brian, Fourth World Vol. 1, Possible Musics, Editions EG EEGCD 7, 1980.Google Scholar
Hassell, Jon, Fourth World Vol. 2, Dream Theory in Malaya, Editions EG EEGCD 13, 1981.Google Scholar
Heart of the Forest: The Music of the Baka Forest People of Southwest Cameroon, Rykodisc/Hannibal HNCD 1378, 1993.Google Scholar
Madonna, , Bedtime Stories, Maverick/Sire/Warner Bros. 9 45767-2, 1994.Google Scholar
Marsalis, Branford, Renaissance, Columbia/Sony CK40711, 1987.Google Scholar
Mbuti Pygmies of the Ituri Rainforest, Smithsonian Folkways SF CD 40401, 1992.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, John, The Promise, Verve 314 529 828-2, 1995.Google Scholar
Music of the Ba-Benzélé Pygmies, Bärenreiter Musicaphon BM 30 L 2303, 1966.Google Scholar
Music of the Ituri Forest, Folkways 4483, 1957.Google Scholar
Music of the Rainforest Pygmies, Lyrichord 7157, 1961/1992.Google Scholar
Polyphonies Vocales des Pygmées Mbenzélé, République Centrafricaine, Auvidis W 260 042, 1992.Google Scholar
Polyphony of the Deep Rain Forest: Music of the Ituri Pygmies, JVC VICG-5015-2, 1990.Google Scholar
Pygmées du Haut-Zaïre, Fonti Musicali, fmd 190, 1991.Google Scholar
The Pygmies of the Ituri Forest, Folkways 4457, 1958.Google Scholar
Rowles, Jimmy, Stan Getz Presents Jimmy Rowles, The Peacocks, Columbia/Sony CK52975, 1977/1994.Google Scholar
Sanders, Pharoah, Karma, Impulse/MCA MCAD-39122, 1969/1992.Google Scholar
Until the End of the World, (Motion Picture Soundtrack), Warner Bros. W2 26707, 1991.Google Scholar
Mama, Zap, Adventures in Afropea 1, Luaka Bop/Warner Bros. 9 45183-2, 1993.Google Scholar