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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2022

Anders Bo Rasmussen
Anders Bo Rasmussen
Affiliation:
University of Southern Denmark

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Chapter
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Civil War Settlers
Scandinavians, Citizenship, and American Empire, 1848–1870
 , pp. 354 - 360
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Abolitionism, 35, 67, 68, 75, 89, 123, 268, 289
and revolution of 1848, 24
Adam Smith, 4
Alabama, xii, 97, 119, 156, 202, 240, 242, 246–248, 262, 265, 267, 274, 344, 345
and battle of Mobile Bay, 242–248
Alaska, 57, 288, 304–306, 319, 326, 331, 340
Alaska purchase, 305–306
Andersen, Hans Christian, 32
and race, 42–43
Antietam Creek, 215
Arkansas, 205, 218, 220, 236, 262, 268, 280–282, 346, 347
and cotton expeditions at Helena
and early Reconstruction, 262–267, 280–283, See Freedpeople
Austria, 4, 17, 24, 254, 256
Balling, Ole, xii, 28, 101, 106, 107, 113, 233, 285
meeting with President Lincoln, 233
Bates, Edward, 173
Beecher, Henry Ward, 287
Abolitionism, 73
and Scandinavian immigrant admiration of, 76
Belgium, 4
Benjamin, Judah P., 158–160
Bismarck, Otto von, 254, 256
Booth, Sherman, 85–87
Borchsenius, Hans, 87–91, 95, 211, 315, 329
Boutwell, George S., 245
Bremer, Fredrika, 32, 33, 41, 58, 73
Brooklyn, New York, 73, 80
Brown County, Wisconsin, 10, 55, 57, 71, 92–94, 154, 181, 187, 208, 210, 225, 232, 241, 242, See New Denmark, Wisconsin
Butler, Benjamin, 105, 288
Canby, Edward, 246
Cavling, Henrik, 319
Census, United States, 170, 175, 182
(1790), 130
(1850), 4, 54, 148
(1860), 91, 174, 181, 183, 187, 241
Charles (Karl) XV, King, 169
China, 132, 164, 270, 288
Christian VIII, King, 25
citizenship, 1, 2, 7, 9, 35, 44, 46, 48, 50, 68, 92, 160, 166, 167, 169, 171–175, 177, 180, 182, 183, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 197, 207, 215, 221, 224, 229, 232, 241, 243, 244, 249, 255, 267, 269–271, 279, 287, 290, 294, 296, 299, 308, 313, 314, 317, 318, 328, 329
and 1866 congressional debate, 270–271
and definition during 1862 draft. See Draft
birthright, 311
and declaration of intent, 92
duties, 172
Clausen, Claus L., xii, 31, 34–35, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 52, 60, 62, 64, 67, 73, 75, 80, 114, 115, 122, 125, 128, 130, 288, 293
colonialism, 12, 130, 141, 142, See Settler colonialism
colonization, xi, 2, 14, 23, 41, 42, 77, 130, 143, 156–162, 164, 166, 172, 215, 259, 295, 301
African-American opposition to, 140
Danish officials’ hierarchy of laborers, 141
Liberia, 23
US–Danish agreement (1862), 130–142
Confederacy, 97
and desertion, 206
diplomacy, 158
German immigrants in, 204
Irish immigrants in, 203
Scandinavian immigrants in, 201–206
Confederate States of America, 6
Confiscation Act (1861), 1
Conscription. See Draft
Cowan, Edgar, 270
Cuba, 5, 23, 49, 56, 85, 135, 139, 301, 307, 321, 325, 326, 331, 339
Dakota, 148, See US–Dakota War (1862)
and removal, 144
Dakota territory, 59, 147, 155, 297
De Geoffroy, L., 253
Democratic Party, 8, 13, 67, 68, 70, 82, 85, 87, 88, 93, 184, 207, 211, 212, 217, 235, 235, 315, 318
Diplomacy
and US Caribbean expansion, 5, 59, 67, 76, 119, 300–309, 325, 325, 329, 330
Doolittle, James, 5
Douglas, Stephen, 92
Douglass, Frederick, xii, 23, 24, 162, 224, 297, 314, 325, 326, 337
draft, 167, 170, See citizenship
impressment, 168
Militia Act (1862), 167
resistance to, 172–197, 207
election
gubernatorial, Wisconsin (1863), 211
midterm (1854), 69
midterm (1862), 207, 211
midterm (1866), 311
presidential (1852), 68
presidential (1860), 91
presidential (1864), 235–240
presidential (1868), 92, See voting
Emancipation Proclamation
Scandinavian response to, 173, 224, 241
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (1862), 215–217
Emigranten, xii, 1, 57, 67, 73, 79, 95, 101, 108, 110–124, 130, 141–144, 147, 150, 154, 167, 175, 178, 180, 182–186, 200, 201, 208, 211, 215, 220, 222, 224, 226, 227, 233, 234, 236, 239, 256, 258, 263, 265, 267–269, 271, 287, 292, 298, 310, 313–315, 334, 352
and growth in readership, 88
and perceptions of race, 268, See freedpeople
and presidential election (1860), 91–96
emigration, 167
America letters, 34
pamphlets, 33
pull factors, 35, 65
push factors, 29, 35
empire, x, xi, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 85, 97, 166, 253, 284, 293, 294, 299, 306, 308, 324, 329, 330
American, 1, 2, 5, 6, 85, 87, 166, 172, 253, 293, 294, 299, 324, 329
Roman, 4
Texas as, 97
enlistment, 15
motivations for, 103, 111, 128, 180, 210
resistance to, 174, 184, 207, 258
equality, 7, 46, 54, 63, 93, 290, 297, 329
and citizenship, 30, 46, 47, 90, 98, 103, 113, 125, 197, 200, 223, 224, 271, 278, 283, 288
and emigration, 50, 53, 55, 61, 65
and landownership, 54, 57
and race, 67, 84, 93, 120, 121, 125, 128, 160, 220, 223, 224, 228, 249, 261, 267, 271, 278, 282, 287, 292, 298, 315, 317, 319, See citizenship
Fish, Hamilton, 325
Fleischer, Knud J., 69
Florida, 97
Folkebladet, 89
Forty-Eighters
German, 65
France, 4, 21, 27, 51, 137, 163, 165, 166, 185, 187, 193, 255, 302, 304, 327
free labor, 7, 13, 22, 23, 57, 60, 66, 69, 73, 79, 84, 91, 125, 136, 144, 279, 281–283, 288, 297, 299, 313, 317
free soil, 60, 66–71, 73, 79, 82–84, 91, 329
freedpeople, 9, 16, 43, 125, 142, 158, 163, 215, 221–224, 241, 248, 249, 261, 264, 266–269, 272, 279–282, 297–299, 308, 312, 316, 318, 319, 330
and discussions of suffrage, 316
and post-war poverty, 282
and Scandinavian retreat from Reconstruction, 316
Scandinavian editors’ perception of, 313–314, 317–319
Fremad
and support for Democratic Party, 133, 286, 293, 315, 316, 318, 334, 351
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 86
Fædrelandet, 38, 69, 70, 109, 125, 127, 143, 156, 222, 228, 229, 233–235, 239, 253, 256, 259, 268, 269, 295–298, 310, 318, 334
Gaylord, Augustus, 176
Georgia, 97
God. See religion
Grant, Ulysses S., xii, 208, 285, 324, 324
Great Britain, 4, 180, 217
Green Bay Advocate, 14, 92, 93, 154, 191, 198, 217, 334
Grossstaatenbildung, 3, 29, 254, See threshold principle
Grundtvig, N. F. S., 292
and abolitionism, 73, 123
and inspiring anti-slavery ideas, 123, 128
Grönlund, Laurence, 293
Guthrie, James, 270
Hasselquist, Tuve N., xii, 89, 90
Heg, Even, 49, 66
Heg, Hans, xii, 68, 71, 72, 84–86, 110–115, 125, 214, 216, 234, 235, 239
and abolitionism, 86
organizing the 15th Wisconsin Regiment, 110–114
Helena, Arkansas, 205, 218
Hemlandet, xii, 1, 14, 89, 90, 96, 114, 115, 142–144, 150–153, 175, 201, 214, 215, 222, 224, 228, 236–238, 256, 267, 278, 283, 284, 295, 299, 310–315, 318, 324, 334
and influence on political opinions, 89
herrenvolk, 48, See white man’s republic
Hobsbawm, Eric, 3, 4, 7
and threshold principle, 3
Holland, 4, 217
Homestead Act (1862), 166–170, 215, 282, 293–295
and connection to colonization negotiations, 142
as emigration pull factor. See emigration
as Scandinavian immigrant dream, 144
Howard, Jacob, 270
Illinois, 26, 50, 89–91, 97, 108, 109, 115, 123, 125, 184, 195, 196, 229, 265, 283, 286, 289, 292, 298, 299, 310, 311, 327, 328, 334, 337, 338, 343, 352
immigrants, 168
and ethnic regiments, 112
and foreign policy. See diplomacy
and Union war effort, 166
and voting, 95, 96
as constituents, 13
as settlers, 13
claims of alienage, 180, 192, 194
Dutch, 187
fight between Irish and Scandinavian soldiers, 115
French, 93, 191
German, 8, 49, 95, 98, 112, 128, 166, 174, 176, 187, 192, 194, 207, 235, 242, 245, 270, 298, 315, See voting
Irish, 8, 96, 98, 112, 128, 166, 174, 180, 187, 188, 192, 206–208, 222, 229, 235, 242, 243, 245, 298, 315, See election, draft
Scandinavian, 5, 7, 49, 88, 174, 192, 207, 297, 298, 315
tension between, 208, 222, 235, 241, 298, 315
imperialism. See empire
Indiana, 47, 95, 174, 178, 193, 239
Johnson, Andrew, 261, 309, 311, 313, 317
and Special Field Order no. 15, 268
impeachment of, 309–314
Kirkelig Maanedstidende, 75, 76, 79, 287, 334
Kleinstaaterei, 3, 6, 17, 97, 165, 254, 301, 322, 330, 331, See threshold principle
Ku Klux Klan, 312, 317
landownership, 2, 7, 13, 15, 34, 35, 44, 48, 53–55, 59, 64–66, 155, 156, 167, 210, 261, 292, 293, 296, 298, 328–330
liberty, 7, 46, 297, See citizenship
Lincoln, Abraham, 1, 2, 4, 215, 253, See Republican Party
assassination of, 260–261
Scandinavian immigrants’ reaction to assassination, 262–264
Scandinavian support for, 236
Linneaus, Carl von, 39
List, Friedrich, 3, 7
Louisiana, 97
Maryland, 193
Mattson, Hans, xii, 5, 28, 59, 96, 115, 264, 280, 283, 329, 332
and Republican support, 96
as Republican politician, 284
Militia Act (1862), 171
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 34, 63, 64, 84–86, 175, 184, 185, 187, 190, 194, 196, 238, 298, 315, 328, 334
Minnesota, 91, See also US–Dakota War (1862)
Minnesota Posten, 89
Mississippi, 97
Montgomery, Alabama, 6, 247, 248
Morton, Oliver P., 178
Muskego, Wisconsin, 49
Native Americans, 143, See Dakota, Stockbridge
and removal, 143
Scandinavian immigrant perceptions of, 147
nativism, 67, 69
Naturalization Act (1790), 173
Nelson, Knute, 284, 329, 341
as Republican politician, 284
New Denmark, Wisconsin
and draft resistance. See Draft
and election of 1860, 94
and ethnic composition, 91
and illness, 209, 273
Nordlyset, 54, 55, 56, 66, 75, 83, 334
Nordstjernen, 73, 81, 91
Norwegian Synod, xii, 8, 75, 76, 116, 117, 119, 121–124, 128, 289–292, 338, 342, See Claus Clausen
and ties to the German Missouri Synod, 75
conflict over slavery’s sinfulness. See religion
Ohio, 193
Pennsylvania, 193
Pierce, Franklin, 68
Plymouth Church. See Henry Ward Beecher
Polk, James K., 5
population, 3, See threshold principle
Portugal, 4
Pottawatomie, 58
Prussia, 4
Rasmussen, Fritz, xi, xii, 61–65, 91–93, 183, 188–191, 198, 199, 206, 214, 225, 229, 233, 238, 245, 248, 263, 265, 267, 272, 277
and criticism of Abraham Lincoln, 229
and mental health, 274, 276
and opposition to military service, 229
and post-war support for Republican Party. See Republican Party
and support for local Democratic candidate, 207
and support for Republican Party, 191, 208
and voting, 91, 207, 212, 285
perceptions of Irish, 229
resistance to military service, 232
Rasmussen, Sidsel. See women
recaptives
as part of colonization negotiations, 133–135
Danish officials’ view of, 140
Reese, Charles M., 68, 82, 83, 91
Religion, 12, 13, 43, 46, 49, 65, 70, 73, 80, 90, 125, 127, 128, 146, 185, 224, 287, 291, 312, 329
and abolitionism, 73, 79
and Catholicism, 128, 185
and freedom from state churches, 80
and patriotism, 127
and Protestantism, 125, 128, 146
Republican Party, 8, 13, 67, 69, 71, 90, 91, 175, 279
and Caribbean expansion, 330
and homestead advocacy, 140, See Homestead Act (1862)
and impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 310
and post-war policy positions, 270
and Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. See Emancipation Proclamation
and question of slavery, 125
and soldiers’ vote, 237
post-war coalition of, 312
radical wing of, 288, 303, 311, See immigrants
Scandinavian support for, 66, 67, 70–73, 82–85, 88, 90, 96, 175, 211, 217, 279, 283, 285, 313, 327, See election
Wisconsin as birthplace of, 92
Robinson, Charles D., 92
Rock, John S., 140, 142, 314
Russia. See Alaska purchase
Rynning, Ole
True Account of America, 33
Raaslöff, Waldemar, xii, 130, 131, 135, 156, 164, 165, 172, 253, 256, 260, 261, 302, 322, 323
relationship with William H. Seward. See colonization. See West Indies
Salomon, Edward, 176, 184
Santo Domingo, 321, 325, 326, 353, See West Indies
Scandinavianism
revolution of 1848, 28–29
Schleswig War, First (1848), 27
Schleswig War, Second (1864), 16, 254
as emigration push factor. See Emigration
consequences of, 255–258
Schleswig-Holstein
and Forty-Eighters, 30
and revolution of 1848, 27, 121
Schurz, Carl
as Republican politician, 286
scientific racism, 12, 35, 41, 306
settler colonialism, 7, 54, 67, 68, 143, 155, 244
and Scandinavian immigrants, 295–297
settlers, 45, 233, 244, 294
Seward, Frederick W., 172, 300
Seward, William H., 4, 5, 6, 166, 169, 173, 175, 193, 194, 215, 253, 309, 324
Sherman, William, 268
Sioux. See Dakota
Skandinaven, 90, 278, 283, 284, 289, 290, 295, 311, 334
slavery, 1, 5
opposition to, 66, 69
Solberg, Carl Fredrik, xii, 80, 81, 110, 112, 114, 117, 142, 178, 224, 235, 268, 271, 333, See Emigranten
South Carolina, 6, 8, 97, 119, 136, 138, 141, 142, 262, 268, 297, 319, 321, 341, 347, 353
Spain, 4
St. Croix, 21–23, 131, 141, 157, 158, 163, 164, 171, 254, 259, 289, 302–304, 333, 339, 343, 349, See West Indies
St. Jan (John). See West Indies
St. Thomas. See West Indies
Stanton, Edwin M., 176–179, 310
Stockbridge, 243, 244
Stockholm, Sweden, 25, 40, 156, 169, 170, 282, 336, 344, 347, 348
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 71, 287
suffrage. See voting
Sumner, Charles B., 136, 287, 288, 303, 310, 319–327, 340
and attempted purchase of Danish West Indies, 305–307
and opposition to purchase of Danish West Indies, 303
and ratification of Alaska purchase, 305
Svenska Republikanen, 89
Taney, Roger B., 86
territory, 2, 3, 5, See threshold principle
Texas, xi, 30, 47–49, 54, 57, 59, 97, 119, 146, 201, 202, 282, 350, 353
The Chicago Tribune, 283
The North Star, 23
Thrane, Marcus, 25, 26, 78, 286, 288, 345
threshold principle, 3–7, 16, 27, 49, 87, 97, 119, 130, 132, 143, 255, 294, 304, 326–327, See empire
and Eric Hobsbawm, 4
and Friedrich List, 4
definition, 3
Trumbull, Lyman, 157, 159, 270, 271
US–Dakota War (1862), 222
as justification for settlement, 153–155
causes of, 143–149
Scandinavian immigrants in, 153
voting, 16, 46, 96, 177, 178, 192, 195, 197, 202, 225, 237, 238, 244, 245, 267, 269, 305, 313, 318, 331, See citizenship
Germans. See election
Irish. See election
post-war opposition to African-American suffrage, 269–270
Scandinavians. See election
Warner, Hans B.
as Republican politician, 284
Wergeland, Henrik, 32, 33, 114
West Indies
and emancipation (1848), 21–23
and attempted American expansion, 253–255
Danish, 15, 16, 21, 22, 106, 132–134, 157, 159, 253, 255, 256, 260, 300–311, 320, 327, 330, 331, 338, 343, 345, 348, 350, 352, See abolitionism
French, 21, 23, 42, See abolitionism
reasons for failed purchase of, 300–311, See Sumner, Charles B.
white man’s republic, 217
immigrant support for, 14, 57
Lincoln administration’s commitment to, 6, 137
Winnebago, 59
Wisconsin, 49, 91, 193, 243
9th Wisconsin Regiment (German), 212, See election
15th Wisconsin Regiment, 125, 236, 283, See election
17th Wisconsin Regiment (Irish), 116, See election
draft, 172–197
women, 93
and Scandinavian immigrants’ perceptions of gender roles, 274–279
and voting, 272
as caretakers, 209
domestic role, 199, 272–274, 275, 278
freedwomen, 281, 288
perceptions of Irish, 188
race, 223
as servants, 65

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  • Index
  • Anders Bo Rasmussen, University of Southern Denmark
  • Book: Civil War Settlers
  • Online publication: 07 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108980135.017
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  • Index
  • Anders Bo Rasmussen, University of Southern Denmark
  • Book: Civil War Settlers
  • Online publication: 07 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108980135.017
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  • Index
  • Anders Bo Rasmussen, University of Southern Denmark
  • Book: Civil War Settlers
  • Online publication: 07 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108980135.017
Available formats
×