Index
actual knowledge, 77
administrative measures
for enforcing platform responsibility, 54
advertising platforms, 156
AEED, 90
aggressive tax strategies, 143
Al Qaeda, 164
algorithmic Solutions, 215
algorithms, 206
All Politics Is Global, 192
allocation of jurisdiction, 230
antibiotics, 108
attempted insurrection
in Brazil, 86
automated tools, 80
Banking and Platform Networks, 121
barriers, 230
Basel Committee, 232
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), 130
BEPS Project, 146
bilateral tax treaties, 143
blocking Rules
in India, 65
child pornography, 73
China
Platform ecosystem, 41
Christchurch attack, 166
Civil Code
platform liability provisions in China, 53
civil investigation, 97
command and control regulations, 109
Community Standards, 187
complementary strategies, 156
constitutional protection, 8
First Amendment, 8
hate speech, 9
misinformation, 9
pornography, 9
terroristic, 9
consumer protection law, 95
content moderation, , 119, 141, 148, 153, 158, 180, 186, 202, 206, 228
content moderation regulation, 203
definition in DSA, 33
impact, 208
content removal by government orders, 64
Copyright Act, 88
Countering Violent Extremism (CVE), 163
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
orders to remove content, 39
Criminal Code
in Brasil, 89
criminal laws
application to platforms in China, 53
cyber terrorism, 71
cyberbullying, 9
Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC)
role as online content regulator, 43
deep synthesis technology, 51
defamation
defamatory speech, 69
digital economy, 154
digital extremism, 164
digital literacy, 175
Digital Markets Act (DMA), 241
digital media services
regulations in China, 43
Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP), 74
digital platforms, 200
Digital Services Coordinator (DSC), 31
dominant markets, 133
dominant strategy, 147
Dormant Commerce Clause, 215
double exemption, 145
double taxation, 142
due diligence obligations
under DSA, 28
ECPA, 13
editorial transparency, 19
editor-in-chief, 52
Election Commission of India’s Model Code of Conduct
certain restrctions on election related speeche, 70
electoral disinformation, 92
electoral law, 89
end users, 122
enforcement, 29
enforcement methods
for platform regulation in China, 53
EU Member States, 25
European Board for Digital Services,
European Commission, 31
European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR), 139
extra-territorial reach
of DSA, 38
extraterritorial Regulation, 138
fact checking unit, 61
Fake News Bill, 100
financial trilemma, 127
foreign platforms, 129
foreign social media platforms, 46
framework convention – protocol approach, 111
GATT, 231
Gavi, 114
geo-blocking,
German Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG), 25
GIFCT, 169
Global Commission on Internet Governance (GCIG), 238
global content removal, 229
global economic governance, 192
global financial interconnectedness, 125
global financial system,
global framework, 129
global governance, 199
global governance solutions, 179
global minimum moderation, 151
global minimum tax,
Global Network Initiative (GNI), 238
global regulatory tax, 142
global tax strategies, 143
GloBE, 149
Golden Shield Project, 228
grading-and-classifying management mechanism, 52
Grievance Appellate Committee(s) (GACs), 81
Grievance Redressal Committees (GRCs), 61
growth asymmetry, 156
identical content, 91
IHR, 105
illegal and harmful content
definition in China, 48
Independent Panel on Pandemic Preparedness and Response (IPPPR), 111
infectious disease, 103
infectious disease control, 117
information and communication technology (ICT), 238
Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 (Intermediary Guidelines), 60
Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), 60
interconnectivity, 126
intermediary guidelines prohibited UGC, 66
intermediary liability, 237
intermediary technological frameworks, 155
international commercial law, 219
international coordination, 213
international coordination mechanisms, 112
international financial cooperation, 136
International financial regulation, 189
International Framework on Infectious Disease Control, 109
international human rights law, 23
international regulation of global banks and internet platforms, 121
international regulatory cooperation, 114
international sanitary conferences (ISCs), 106
international tax regulation, 141
international trade law, 225
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 133
Internet Information Service Providers (IISPs)
content moderation responsibilities, 43
Internet News Information Service (INIS), 45
internet services, 7
internet-cleaning campaigns, 54
intractability, 153
ISIS, 164
legal representative
requirement for non-EU providers, 39
LinkedIn
in China, 46
livestreaming platforms
regulation in China, 50
measles
in Venezuela, 104
media regulators
in China, 43
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY), 63
misleading, 201
multilateral cooperation, 117
multinational enterprises, 143
must carry, 226
Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA), 137
network effects, 155
neutral spaces, 156
nexus rules, 147
NGOs, 170
notice-and-action mechanism
under DSA, 36
notice-and-takedown, 89
OECD,
online advertisements, 182
online content governance
general principles in China, 42
online harms
mitigating online harms, 168
online information, 106
online platform regulation, 227
OTC derivatives, 136
oversight board, 169
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP), 110
per-capita asymmetry, 156
Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), 50
Pigouvian taxes, 109
platform commerce, 225
platform governance and regulation, 85
platform responsibility, 20, 118, 158, 189, 218
from the Basel Accord, 132
Chinese approach, 47
enforcement under ECD, 29
enforcement in India, 75
polycentric cooperation, 152
positional asymmetry, 155
positive content
promotion in China, 49
positive externalities, 123
profit allocation rules, 147
protection of internet services as platforms, 10
protection of users and privacy, 49
Public Health Eemergency of International Concern (PHEIC), 104
public opinion management, 46
public oversight, 201
QAnon, 165
real-name user registration, 52
real-time content monitoring and moderation, 52
reciprocal responsibility
of IHR, 115
regulating externalities, 124
Regulation on Algorithmic Recommendation of Internet Information Services (RARIIS), 49
Regulation on Governance of Online Information Ecology (RGOIE), 48
regulatory networks, 132
regulatory-tax arbitrage, 144
safe harbor, 12, 63, 72, 78, 90, 92, 222
to avail in India, 76
conditions under Section 79 of IT Act, 62
in Marco Civil, 88
sanction
in DSA, 31
school shootings, 96
Section 124A of the IPC
Supreme Court intervention in India, 69
Section 230, 7, 10, , , 221, 236, 242
implications of Section 230, 14
implications of Section 230(c)(1) and the First Amendment, 15
information provided by another information content provider, 13
publisher or speaker claims, 12
Section 230(c)(1) defense, 12
Section 270
liability for account terminations and content removal, 16
What happens when Section 230 does not apply to claims over third-party content?, 17
sector-specific legislation, 22
self-moderating content, 203
sensitive personal data, 75
separate unity principle, 143
SESTA, 182
social media, 91
social media platforms, 97
soft Law, 134
special unit for combating disinformation, 91
sponsor unit (主管主办单位)
for traditional media, 42
Spotify, 102
Stateless capital, 145
Stateless information, 145
strategic asymmetry, 156
surveillance, 195
systemic risk management
for VLOPs and VLOSEs, 37
take down, 226
takedown decision, 91
takedown orders, 90
tax competition, 142
TCO, 172
TikTok, 55, 186, 188, 198, 208
community guidelines, 57
content moderation policies, 56
localization strategy, 58
traditional media
regulations in China, 42
transnational markets, 232
Transnational Regulatory Network (TRN), 132
transparency as regulation, 18
transparency obligations, 185
trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), 242
trusted flaggers, 37
UN Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN OHCHR), 239
undertaxed payments rule, 150
United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, 234
unlawful content
platform liability, 68
unqualified democratization, 162
user generated content (UGC), 60
user records, 52
user rights
against platforms, 94
US-Japan Digital Trade Agreement, 243
US–Japan Trade Agreement, 234
Open access