Index

Mark Jaccard

Index

acid rain, 37, 50, 154–155, 156, 162

Alaska, 138

Alberta

and carbon capture and storage, 232

energy system in, 86

oil sands, 15, 80, 86, 135, 261

output-based pricing system in, 252

TransMountain pipeline, 86–88, 264

Apollo Space Program, 214–215

Arrhenius, Svante, 43, 45

battery electric vehicle. See electric vehicle

behavioral change

and acid rain, 154–155

and air travel, 149–150, 158

and carbon taxes, 106–107

and personal mobility choices, 151–153

and urban air quality, 155

definition of, 148

recommendations for citizens, 163–164, 259

vs. technological change, 154–158, 159–163

biodiesel. See bioenergy

bioenergy

and carbon neutrality, 168–169

and minimum blending requirements, 201, 249

and the low carbon fuel standard, 112, 126

biofuels, 24, 26, 94, 157, 206, 218–219

bio-jet fuel, 158, 227

in Brazil, 218–219

role in deep decarbonization, 255

with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), 168–169, 255

biofuels. See bioenergy

bitcoin, 154

border carbon adjustments, 252

Branson, Richard, 158, 227

Brazil, 135, 206, 218–219, 255

British Columbia. See also Campbell, Gordon

carbon tax in, 15, 95–100, 104

clean electricity standard in, 110–111, 115

emissions reduction attributable to policy, 122

low carbon fuel standard in, 111

TransMountain pipeline, 86–88, 264

Utilities Commission, 13, 191, 246

British Columbia Liberal Party, 95, 99, 102

British Columbia New Democratic Party (NDP), 95, 98, 99

British Petroleum, 136, 160–161

Brown, Jerry, 241

Bush, George H. W., 1

Bush, George W., 2, 4, 54, 65, 96

California

Air Resources Board, 240, 246–247, 258

cap-and-trade in, 108, 116, 241

decarbonization in, 230–231, 240–241

emissions reduction attributable to policy, 116

low carbon fuel standard in, 111, 249

renewable portfolio standard in, 241

vehicle emissions standard in, 112

zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate in, 113, 249

Callendar, Guy, 44, 45

Campbell, Gordon, 96–98, 99–100, 102–103, 263

Canada. See also Alberta; British Columbia; Harper, Stephen; Ontario; Trudeau, Justin

and the Kyoto Protocol, 16, 96

climate-energy policy in, 16, 248, 252, 261

Conservative Party, 15, 96, 202

electoral system in, 98, 120

emissions in, 15

energy system in, 86–88, 136

Liberal Party, 15, 261, 263

capacity factor. See capacity utilization

capacity utilization, 206–207

cap-and-trade, 107–109

and carbon offsets, 179–181, 231

and GDP, 126–127

and policy overlaps, 125

and policy sequencing, 125–126

as lead policy, 115–117

compared to carbon tax, 107–108

examples of, 109

policy design, 90–91, 107–108

political acceptability considerations, 109, 118–127

capitalism, 224–236

carbon budget, 81–83

carbon capture and storage, 70, 205, 212, 232

and carbon neutrality, 166–169

role in deep decarbonization, 255

with bioenergy (BECCS), 168–169

Carbon Engineering, 167–168

carbon neutrality, 165–182. See also carbon offsets

and bioenergy, 168–169

and carbon capture and storage, 166–169

and direct air capture, 167–168, 169

and tree planting, 170

requirements for achieving, 166–170

carbon offsets, 165–182. See also carbon neutrality

and asymmetric information, 173

and cap-and-trade, 179–181, 231

in Kyoto Protocol, 177

industry size, 166

payments for, 170–171

recommendations for citizens regarding, 181–182

similarity to indulgences, 166

subsidies, similarity to, 176–177

verification industry, problems with, 171–175

carbon tariffs, 71–72, 236, 261

carbon tax, 95–107, 118–127

and GDP, 126–127

and policy overlaps, 125

and policy sequencing, 125–126

as lead policy, 115–117

compared to cap-and-trade, 107–108

history in British Columbia, 95–100, 122

implementation design, 90–91, 104

in Sweden, 116

in the United Kingdom, 116

political acceptability considerations, 14–15, 95–100, 105, 118–127

revenue neutral policy design, 97, 99, 104, 105–106, 120

strong opposition towards, 119–123

China

and electric vehicles, 24

and solar energy, 24

and the Kyoto Protocol, 69–71

and wind energy, 24

electric vehicles in, 253

emissions in, 63, 69

energy system in, 68, 71, 245, 249

one child policy in, 48

Churchill, Winston, 59–61

civil actions, 262

civil disobedience, 88, 263–265

clean electricity standard. See renewable portfolio standard

clean fuel standard. See low carbon fuel standard

climate change. See also Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

and capitalism, 234–236

and hurricanes, 47

and misinformation from fossil fuel interests, 53

beliefs in United States, 52

climate sensitivity, 44

climate-gate, 51

communication efforts and techniques, 57

consensus among climate scientists, 44–45

greenhouse effect, 43

history of climate science, 43–45

climate clubs, 71–72, 261. See also carbon tariffs

climate emergency, 94, 247, 262

climate plans, 260

climate protests. See civil actions

Clinton, Bill, 65

Clinton, Hillary, 10

coal

‘clean coal’, 78

coal-to-liquids, 137–138

marketing strategies, 78–79

phase-out policy, 115, 219, 248

cognitive bias, 10–11, 102

cognitive dissonance, 36, 88

Colbert, Stephen, 53

command-and-control regulation. See prescriptive regulation

common property resources, 62

communalism, 227

Conservative Party of Canada, 15, 96, 202

consumption, material and energy. See also energy use

and household energy services, 150–151

and stock turnover, 151

and wealth, 148–150

Conway, Erik, 34, 37, 50

Copenhagen Summit, 16, 66

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, 114

cryptocurrency. See Bitcoin

decarbonization. See deep decarbonization

deep decarbonization, 203

and capitalism, 234–236

and research and development, 212–217

and technological feasibility, 212–217

attaching other agendas to, 236–238

costs of, 7, 85, 126–127

definition of, 6–7

in electricity, 248–251

in electricity and transportation, 84

in transportation, 248–251

market responses to, 209–210

necessity of policy for, 94, 215–217

perfectionist prescriptions for, 257

political barriers to, 100–102

recommended strategy for, 253–254

required actions for, 19, 82

delusion

common examples in climate-energy challenge, 3–4, 19

definition of, 3

in fossil fuel project marketing, 76–80

of the collective, 36–37

of the self, 35–36, 236

tactics for promoting, 38

developing countries, climate-energy policy for, 252–253

Dion, Stephane, 15, 263

direct air capture, 167–168, 169

dispatchability. See intermittency

district energy, 221

Earth Hour, 98

Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 64

economic efficiency

of low carbon fuel standards, 112, 114

of prescriptive regulations, 109–110

of renewable portfolio standards, 110–111, 114

of vehicle emissions standards, 113, 114

rationale for, 90

electric vehicles, 79, 113, 203, 232

and carbon offsets, 172

and electricity sector, 84

and the zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate, 113, 125

cost of, 23

in China, 253

in Norway, 221–222

electricity sector

and coal phase-out policy, 219

decarbonization alongside transportation sector, 248–251

decarbonization in developing countries, 252–253

emissions reduction, 217–218, 219

emissions leakage, 251

emissions pricing. See carbon pricing; cap-and-trade; policy, climate-energy

emissions projections

developed vs. developing countries, 68

OECD vs. non-OECD countries, 249–250

emissions reduction

and economic growth, 48

and emissions intensity of energy system, 48–49

and energy intensity of economy, 48

and focus on global energy system, 47, 49

and national self-interest, 67–69

and population growth, 48

as a global collective action problem, 63, 231, 235

attaching other agendas to, 236–238

from biofuels, 218–219

from nuclear energy, 217–218

in electricity sector, 217–218, 219

in example jurisdictions, 217–222

in heating, 221

in transportation sector, 218–219, 221–222

targets, importance of, 259

emissions trading system. See cap-and-trade

energy autarky, 226

energy density, 205–206

energy efficiency, 183–199

and risks with new technologies, 186–188

and the rebound effect, 192–195

history of, 190–192

necessity of policy for, 199

profitability of, 5–6, 188–190

program ineffectiveness, 191

role in deep decarbonization, 198–199

subsidy program failure, 176–177

supporters of, 197–198

Energy Modeling Forum, 80–81, 85, 190

energy returned on energy invested (EROEI), 140–141

energy storage, 209

energy system inertia, 83–84, 85, 203

energy system transformation. See deep decarbonization

energy system transition. See deep decarbonization

energy use. See also consumption, material and energy

direct, 192

effect of income on, 192

indirect, 192

influence of energy costs on, 192–195

energy-economy modeling, 80–81, 85

scenarios vs. forecasts, 210–211

enhanced oil recovery, 135, 137, 232

ethanol. See bioenergy

European Union, 65, 252, 255

ExxonMobil, 50, 160–161, 189

feed-in tariffs, 201, 216, 220

Festinger, Leon, 36

flexible regulation, 90, 109–114, 118–127

alongside carbon pricing, 111–112

and GDP, 126–127

and implicit carbon prices, 117–118

and policy overlaps, 125

and policy sequencing, 125–126

as lead policy, 115–117

definition of, 109–114

economic efficiency considerations, 110–111, 112, 113, 114

low carbon fuel standard, 111–112

political acceptability considerations, 118–127

renewable portfolio standard, 110–111

vehicle emissions standard, 112–113, 114

zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate, 113

forest conservation, 177

fossil fuels

abundance of, 6

and industry misinformation, 92–94

benefits from, 233, 234–235

capacity utilization of, 207

dispatchability of, 208

energy density of, 206

marketing techniques for new projects, 76–80

Fourier, Jean-Baptiste, 43, 45

Fox News, 51, 56

fracking, 136–137

France

carbon tax in, 118

in World War II, 61

nuclear energy in, 217–218

free-riding, 63, 74

Gates, Bill, 167, 212–213, 221, 227

geoengineering, 227, 255–256

Germany

energy system in, 232

in World War II, 58–62, 215

Global Energy Assessment, 137, 203

global energy system transition. See deep decarbonization

global warming. See climate change

Gore, Al, 65

greenhouse gas emissions projections. See emissions projections

greenhouse gas emissions reduction. See emissions reduction

greenhouse gases, 81, 235

Gulf War, 1

Harper, Stephen, 15, 96, 263

heavy oil, 135, 136, 137

Hitler, Adolf, 58–62, 265

Hubbert, Marion King, 132

Hurricane Katrina, 39–42, 65, 96

Hussein, Saddam, 1, 2, 4

hydrogen vehicles, 80, 111, 112, 113

hydropower

capacity utilization of, 207

dispatchability considerations of, 207–209

Inconvenient Truth, An (Gore), 14, 66, 96

industrial sector

and single-industry globalization agreements, 252

climate-energy policy, 252

cost of decarbonization, 251–252

interdisciplinarity, 8, 38, 123

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 45–46, 64, 82, 202, 230 See also climate change

intermittency, 207–209

International Energy Agency, 13

Iraq War, 2

Jacobson, Mark, 204–205, 210

Jevons’ paradox. See rebound effect

Kennedy, John F., 214

Keystone XL pipeline, 86, 87, 262

Klein, Naomi. See This Changes Everything (Klein)

Kyoto Protocol, 14, 16, 55, 64–65, 70, 177

League of Nations, 61, 64

Leonard, Annie, 161

Liberal Party of Canada, 15, 261, 263

light tight oil. See shale oil

Lovins, Amory, 190–191, 202, 204, 205, 210

low carbon fuel standard

and direct air capture, 167

economic efficiency of, 114

policy design, 111–112

political acceptability of, 121–122, 124, 125

Macron, Emmanuel, 118

Manhattan Project, 214–215

Mann, Michael, 51

market-oriented regulation. See flexible regulation

Marlboro advertising, 29–30, 31

Merchants of Doubt (Oreskes and Conway), 34, 37, 50

minimum renewable fuel blending requirements, 201

Musk, Elon, 113, 221, 227

myths, 3–4, 19

natural gas

gas-to-liquids, 137–138

marketing strategies, 79

role in deep decarbonization, 254

Newsome, Gavin, 241

Nixon, Richard, 102, 130

Nordhaus, Ted, 214

North Dakota, 135, 136–137

Norway

electric vehicle sales in, 221

transportation policy in, 221–222, 249

nuclear energy, 202, 205, 213

in France, 217–218

role in deep decarbonization, 254–255, 256

Nye, Bill, 56

Obama, Barack, 10, 66, 73, 87, 114–115, 166, 262

offsets. See carbon offsets

oil. See also coal-to-liquids; gas-to-liquids

conventional and unconventional, 135–137

evolving definitions, 135–137

marketing strategies, 79–80

supply estimates, 136–137, 141

oil crisis of 1973, 129–130, 138, 139. See also peak oil

oil sands, 80, 86–88, 135, 136, 137, 261

Olson, Randy, 55

Ontario

cap-and-trade in, 109

coal phase-out in, 115, 219, 248

Progressive Conservative Party, 109

Oreskes, Naomi, 34, 37, 50

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 67, 87–88

output-based pricing system, 252

Paris Agreement, 16, 66

peak oil. See also oil; oil crisis of 1973

and energy returned on energy invested (EROEI), 140–141

and supply-demand responses, 138–140

definition of, 131

Hubbert’s peak, 132, 135

prevalence of belief, 130–131

unintended consequences of belief in, 143

performance obligations. See prescriptive regulations

plug-in hybrid vehicles, 79

policy window, 96, 240, 241, 258

policy, acid rain, 154–155

policy, climate-energy. See also cap-and-trade; carbon tax

carbon pricing, 90–91, 95–100, 104–109, 257

coal phase-out, 219

economic efficiency criterion, 90, 109–110, 112, 113, 114

examples of success, 217–222

flexible regulation, 90, 109–114

for decarbonizing electricity and transportation, 248–251

implementation barriers of, 100–102

industrial sector, 252

non-compulsory, 89

overlaps, 125

political acceptability criterion, 14–15, 95–100, 118–127

prescriptive regulation, 89, 109–110

public awareness of, 119

reversal / removal, 114–115

sequencing of, 125–126

stringency of, 115–117

policy, urban air pollution, 155

political acceptability. See policy, climate-energy

political costs. See policy, climate-energy

power density. See energy density

Powering Past Coal Alliance, 249, 261

prescriptive regulation, 89, 109–110

productivity rebound. See rebound effect

Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, 109

Quebec, 108, 219

Reagan, Ronald, 190

rebound effect, 114

definition of, 193

in lighting, 193–194

in refrigeration, 194–195

renewable portfolio standard, 110–111, 114, 123

renewables, 200–223

and energy density, 205–206

and land requirements, 205–206

and wind, water, solar (WWS) path, 204–205

capacity utilization of, 206–207

costs relative to fossil fuels, 222–223

dispatchability considerations, 207–209

economic feasibility of, 205–210

electricity prices from, 204

role of policy in adoption of, 201

research and development, 212–217, 221–222

Romney, Mitt, 96

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 214

Russia/Soviet Union

in the Cold War, 215

in World War II, 61

Saudi Arabia, 136

Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 96, 157, 231, 241, 247

Seekers, the, 36

shale oil, 135, 136–137

Shellenberger, Michael, 214

Site C dam, 110

Smil, Vaclav, 203, 207, 211

solar energy

capacity utilization of, 207

dispatchability considerations of, 207–209

energy density of, 206

standards. See prescriptive regulation; flexible regulation

subsidies, 89, 249. See also feed-in tariffs

for energy efficiency, 176–177

for forest conservation, 177

to fossil fuel industry, 200

sustainability, threats to, 133–135

Sustainable Fossil Fuels (Jaccard), 12–13, 205, 212, 235

Sweden

carbon tax in, 116, 125, 221

district heating in, 221

tar sands. See oil sands

technological change, 154–158, 159–163

Tesla, 113

Texas, 110, 136, 137, 232

This Changes Everything (Klein), 224–237, 238

Thunberg, Greta, 247

tight oil. See shale oil

Tillerson, Rex, 51

tobacco

and cancer beliefs, 33

history of use in the United States, 30

industry’s cancer misinformation efforts, 34

regulation and education policy, 33

tradable performance obligations. See flexible regulation

tradable standards. See flexible regulation

trade policy. See carbon tariffs

trade-exposed industry. See industrial sector

TransMountain pipeline, 264

transportation sector

decarbonization alongside electricity sector, 248–251

decarbonization in developing countries, 252–253

tree planting, 170

Trott zu Solz, Adam von, 59, 61, 265

Trudeau, Justin, 86

Trump, Donald, 3, 10, 73, 87, 115, 166

Tyndall, John, 43, 45

United Kingdom

carbon tax in, 116

electricity policy in, 248

in World War II, 59, 60, 61

United Nations, 64

United States. See also Bush, George W.; California; Obama, Barack; Trump, Donald

climate-energy policy in, 16, 114–115

electricity policy in, 248

in Iraq War, 2

in World War II, 59, 214

vehicle emissions standard, 112–113, 114

Venezuela, 135, 136

voluntary international agreements, 71, 73, 235

Waxman-Markey bill, 66, 73, 114, 231

wind energy

capacity utilization of, 207

dispatchability considerations of, 207–209

energy density of, 205–206

wishful thinking bias, 17, 18, 197, 205, 247

World War II, 58–62

yellow vests protest, 119

Yom Kippur war, 130

zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate. See vehicle emissions standard

zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), 113, 160

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