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Depression is associated with blunted affective responses to naturalistic reward prediction errors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2024

William J Villano  and
Aaron S Heller Open the ORCID record for Aaron S Heller [Opens in a new window]
William J Villano
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
Aaron S Heller*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
*
Corresponding author: Aaron S Heller; Email: aheller@miami.edu
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Abstract

Background

Depression is characterized by abnormalities in emotional processing, but the specific drivers of such emotional abnormalities are unknown. Computational work indicates that both surprising outcomes (prediction errors; PEs) and outcomes (values) themselves drive emotional responses, but neither has been consistently linked to affective disturbances in depression. As a result, the computational mechanisms driving emotional abnormalities in depression remain unknown.

Methods

Here, in 687 individuals, one-third of whom qualify as depressed via a standard self-report measure (the PHQ-9), we use high-stakes, naturalistic events – the reveal of midterm exam grades – to test whether individuals with heightened depression display a specific reduction in emotional response to positive PEs.

Results

Using Bayesian mixed effects models, we find that individuals with heightened depression do not affectively benefit from surprising, good outcomes – that is, they display reduced affective responses to positive PEs. These results were highly specific: effects were not observed to negative PEs, value signals (grades), and were not related to generalized anxiety. This suggests that the computational drivers of abnormalities in emotion in depression may be specifically due to positive PE-based emotional responding.

Conclusions

Affective abnormalities are core depression symptoms, but the computational mechanisms underlying such differences are unknown. This work suggests that blunted affective reactions to positive PEs are likely mechanistic drivers of emotional dysregulation in depression.

Keywords

computational psychiatrydepressionEMAemotionevent-triggered EMAexperience samplingnaturalisticprediction error
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 54 , Issue 9 , July 2024 , pp. 1956 - 1964
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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