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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 December 2023
El estudio de la Misión Salesiana (siglos diecinueve y veinte) contribuye al conocimiento del impacto que las misiones religiosas tuvieron en América. Los registros históricos sugieren un cambio en la dieta, hacinamiento y alta frecuencia de enfermedades pulmonares infecciosas, como la tuberculosis. Muchos problemas de salud surgen de desequilibrios dietarios. La insuficiencia nutricional crónica hace que los individuos sean más susceptibles a las enfermedades infecciosas, y esto a su vez reduce la disponibilidad de nutrientes para la persona, creando una retroalimentación positiva. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar el impacto que tuvo el contacto continuo en Patagonia Austral —específicamente en el caso de la Misión Salesiana— sobre la población originaria, a partir del análisis de marcadores metabólico-nutricionales e infecciosos y teniendo en cuenta el estado nutricional y estilo de vida de los individuos que allí habitaron. Para evaluar el cambio se compararon los resultados de los individuos de la misión con información previamente publicada y nuevas revelaciones de individuos del norte de la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Por un lado, se observó una elevada prevalencia de signos patológicos tales como hiperostosis porótica, cribra orbitalia, hipoplasia del esmalte y caries; por otro, fuentes documentales y estudios de isótopos estables indican un cambio en la dieta que conlleva una reducción en la variedad de alimentos. Los cambios producidos en el estilo de vida y la alta frecuencia de enfermedades infecciosas pudieron actuar sinérgicamente, influyendo en la drástica reducción del número de personas que habitaba dentro de la misión.
The study of the Salesian Mission (nineteenth and twentieth centuries) contributes to the knowledge of the impact that religious missions had in America. Historical records suggest a change in diet, overcrowding, and high frequency of infectious lung diseases, such as tuberculosis. Many health issues arise from dietary imbalances and chronic nutritional inadequacy, making individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases; this, in turn, reduces nutrient availability to the person, creating a synergistic feedback loop. The objective of this work is to explore the impact that the continuous contact had on native populations of Southern Patagonia through analysis of the relationship among infectious pathologies, stress, and diet in individuals recovered in the mission. We compared individuals recovered in the cemetery to previously published information from individuals recovered in the north of the Tierra del Fuego Great Island. The high percentages of paleopathological indicators, such as porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, enamel hypoplasia, caries, and dental wear, together with the isotopic data, suggest a dietary change toward a reduction in food variability, generating a nutritional imbalance. Such imbalance and high frequency of infectious diseases could have acted synergistically to produce a reduction in resistance to common pathological agents. Therefore, these factors could have had an influence on the increase in mortality of individuals from the mission.
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