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Identification and Biological Characteristics of Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) Accessions in Arkansas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2017

Mohammad T. Bararpour ,
Jason K. Norsworthy ,
Nilda R. Burgos ,
Nicholas E. Korres  and
Edward E. Gbur
Mohammad T. Bararpour
Affiliation:
Research Associate, Professor, Professor, Postdoctoral Research Associate, and Professor, Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
Jason K. Norsworthy
Affiliation:
Research Associate, Professor, Professor, Postdoctoral Research Associate, and Professor, Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
Nilda R. Burgos
Affiliation:
Research Associate, Professor, Professor, Postdoctoral Research Associate, and Professor, Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
Nicholas E. Korres
Affiliation:
Research Associate, Professor, Professor, Postdoctoral Research Associate, and Professor, Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
Edward E. Gbur
Affiliation:
Research Associate, Professor, Professor, Postdoctoral Research Associate, and Professor, Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
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Abstract

Italian ryegrass is a major weed problem in wheat production worldwide. Field studies were conducted at Fayetteville, AR, to assess morphological characteristics of ryegrass accessions from Arkansas and differences among other Lolium spp.: Italian, rigid, poison, and perennial ryegrass. Plant height, plant growth habit, plant stem color, and node color were recorded every 2 wk until maturity. The number of tillers per plant, spikes per plant, and seeds per plant were recorded at maturity. All ryegrass accessions from Arkansas were identified as Italian ryegrass, which had erect to prostrate growth habit, green to red stem color, green to red nodes, glume (10 mm) shorter than spikelet (19 mm), and medium seed size (5 to 7 mm) with 1 to 3 mm awns. However, significant variability in morphological characteristics was found among Arkansas ryegrass accessions. When Lolium species at the seedling stage (1- to 2-wk-old plants) were compared, poison ryegrass was characterized as having a large main-stem diameter and wide droopy leaves, whereas perennial ryegrass exhibited a short and a very narrow leaf blade. These two can be distinguished from Italian and rigid ryegrass, which have leaf blades wider than perennial ryegrass but narrower than poison ryegrass. Italian and rigid ryegrass are difficult to distinguish at the seedling stage but are distinct at the reproductive stage. At maturity, Italian ryegrass and poison ryegrass seeds are awned, but perennial and rigid ryegrass seeds are awnless. Poison ryegrass awns were at least 4-fold longer than Italian ryegrass awns. Perennial ryegrass flowered 3 wk later than the other species. Poison ryegrass glumes were longer than the spikelets, whereas Italian ryegrass glumes were shorter than the spikelets. Morphological traits indicate that some Italian ryegrass populations are potentially more competitive and more fecund than others.

Keywords

Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot.perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.poison ryegrass Lolium temulentum L.rigid ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaudinwheat, Triticum aestivum L.Comparative morphologydiscriminant analysismorphological characteristicsweed identificationweed management.
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 65 , Issue 3 , May 2017 , pp. 350 - 360
Copyright
© Weed Science Society of America, 2017 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: William Vencill, University of Georgia

References

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