Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T04:12:11.946Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A generalized approach for selecting solar energy system configurations for a wide range of applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2019

Pinchas Doron ,
Jacob Karni  and
Alexander Slocum
Pinchas Doron
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Azrieli College of Engineering, Jerusalem 9371207, Israel
Jacob Karni*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
Alexander Slocum
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
*
a)Address all correspondence to Jacob Karni at jacob.karni@weizmann.ac.il
Get access

Abstract

A systematic, objective approach for selecting the most suitable solar energy system in a large and diverse range of applications is presented. The definition of Levelized Energy Cost (LEC) is modified/extended, including a Societal Impact Factor (SIF). The use of the methodology is demonstrated for a specific case. The method can be used for selecting an optimal system configuration and for identifying research and development directions.

A systematic and objective approach for selecting the most suitable solar energy system for a large and diverse range of applications is presented. The main parts of the approach are:

(i) Define the project objectives and fundamental system design requirements.

(ii) Establish a reliable and objective method for determining and comparing energy costs.

(iii) Follow a well-defined methodology for obtaining a configuration that meets the system objectives and complies with all the design requirements, at a minimum energy cost.

These parts are divided into discrete steps, which emphasize meeting the project objective and design requirements. The definition of the main cost comparison metric, the Levelized Energy Cost (LEC), is modified to include the ratio between energy sold and energy production capacity, and a Societal Impact Factor (SIF) for health, environmental, societal, political and cultural aspects.

Application of the method is demonstrated for a specific case—a system whose objective is “providing an extensive and reliable supply of renewable energy, aiming to gradually replace most or all of the fossil fuel combustion in a highly populated region.”

As shown, the process can serve dual purposes, (i) finding the most suitable system configuration and (ii) pointing out vital research and development objectives. The suggested method is also applicable to complex energy conversion configurations, such as hybrid or symbiotic systems.

Keywords

energy storageenergy generationchemical reaction
Type
Review Article
Information
MRS Energy & Sustainability , Volume 6 , 2019 , E11
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

“He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils; for time is the greatest innovator.”– Francis Bacon (after I. Dostrovsky).

References

REFERENCES

Jackson, R.B., Le Quere, C., Andrew, R.M., Canadell, J.G., Korsbakken, J.I., Liu, Z., Peters, G.P., and Zheng, B.: Global energy growth is outpacing decarbonization. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 120401 (2018) [Online]. Available at: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf303 (accessed December 14, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R.M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Hauck, J., Pongratz, J., Pickers, P.A., Korsbakken, J.I., Peters, G.P., Canadell, J.G., Arneth, A., Arora, V.K., Barbero, L., Bastos, A., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L.P., Ciais, P., Doney, S.C., Gkritzalis, T., Goll, D.S., Harris, I., Haverd, V., Hoffman, F.M., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R.A., Hurtt, G., Ilyina, T., Jain, A.K., Johannessen, T., Jones, C.D., Kato, E., Keeling, R.F., Goldewijk, K.K., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lienert, S., Liu, Z., Lombardozzi, D., Metzl, N., Munro, D.R., Nabel, J.E.M.S., Nakaoka, S.I., Neill, C., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Patra, P., Peregon, A., Peters, W., Peylin, P., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rocher, M., Rödenbeck, C., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sutton, A., Tans, P.P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tubiello, F.N., van der Laan-Luijkx, I.T., van der Werf, G.R., Viovy, N., Walker, A.P., Wiltshire, A.J., Wright, R., Zaehle, S., and Zheng, B.: Global carbon budget 2018. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10, 2141–2194 (2018) [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018 (accessed December 14, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olah, G.A., Goeppert, A., and Surya Prakash, G.K.: Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy, 2nd ed. (WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2009); ch. 2 & 3. ISBN-13: 978-3-527-32422-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armaroli, N. and Balzani, V.: Energy for a Sustainable World (WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2011); ch. 3. ISBN: 978-3-527-32540-5.Google Scholar
Ritchie, H. and Roser, M.: Energy Production & Changing Energy Sources (Our World In Data, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels (Union of Concerned Scientists, August 30, 2016) [Online]. Available at: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/coal-and-other-fossil-fuels/hidden-cost-of-fuels (accessed December 14, 2018).Google Scholar
Nuclear Explained—Nuclear Power and the Environment (US Energy Information Administration, April 30, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=nuclear_environment (accessed December 14, 2018).Google Scholar
Decommissioning Nuclear Reactors Is a Long-Term and Costly Process (US Energy Information Administration, November 17, 2017) [Online]. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=33792 (accessed December 14, 2018).Google Scholar
Environmental Impact of Nuclear Power (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, December 18, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power (accessed December 14, 2018).Google Scholar
Vezmar, S., Spajic, A., Topic, D., Sljivac, D., and Josza, L.: Positive and negative impacts of renewable energy resources. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. Syst. 5(2), 15–23 (2014).Google Scholar
Wiser, R., Barbose, G., Heeter, J., Mai, T., Bird, L., Bolinger, M., Carpenter, A., Heath, G., Keyser, D., Macknick, J., Mills, A., and Millstein, D.: A Retrospective Analysis of the Benefits and Impacts of U.S. Renewable Portfolio Standards; Publication No. NREL/TP-6A20-65005; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, 2016.Google Scholar
World Energy Resources 2016 (World Energy Council, October 3, 2016) [Online]. Available at: https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/World-Energy-Resources-Full-report-2016.10.03.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
World Energy Resources—2013 Survey (World Energy Council, 2013) [Online]. Available at: https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Complete_WER_2013_Survey.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
Technology Roadmap—Delivering Sustainable Bioenergy (International Energy Agency (IEA), 2017) Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Technology_Roadmap_Delivering_Sustainable_Bioenergy.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
Corley, A-M.: The Future of Hydropower (IEEE Spectrum, June 1, 2010) [Online]. Available at: https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/future-of-hydropower (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
Renewable Energy Essentials: Hydropower (International Energy Agency (IEA), 2010) [Online]. Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/hydropower_essentials.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
BP Statistical Review of World Energy (BP Global, June 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
Dostrovsky, I.: Energy and the Missing Resource (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988). ISBN 0 521 26592 4.Google Scholar
Perlin, J.: Let it Shine: The 6000 Year Story of Solar Energy (New World Library, Novato, California, 2013). ISBN 978-1-60868-132-7.Google Scholar
Ragheb, M.: Solar Thermal Power and Energy Storage Historical Perspective (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-04-18/solar_thermal_power_and_energy_storage_historical_perspective.pdf (accessed June 19, 2018).Google Scholar
Jones, G. and Bouamane, L.: “Power from Sunshine”: A Business History of Solar Energy (Harvard Business School, 2012) [Online]. Available at: http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/12-105.pdf (accessed June 19, 2018). Working Paper 12–105.Google Scholar
Fraas, L.M.: Chapter 1: History of solar cell development. In Low Cost Solar Electric Power (Springer International Publisher, Switzerland, 2014); pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-3-319-07529-7.Google Scholar
Revelle, R. and Suess, H.E.: Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades. Tellus 9, 18–27 (1957).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R.T.: Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity. J. Atmos. Sci. 24(3), 241–259 (1967).2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawyer, J.S.: Man-made carbon dioxide and the “greenhouse” effect. Nature 239, 23–26 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyndon, G. and Donev, J.: Oil Crisis of the 1970s (Energy Education, September 17, 2016) [Online]. Available at: http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Oil_crisis_of_the_1970s (accessed June 20, 2018).Google Scholar
Kearney, D.: Solar electric generating stations (SEGS). IEEE Power Eng. Rev. 9(8), 4–8 (1989).Google Scholar
Tyner, C.E., Sutherland, J.P., and Gould, W.R.: Solar Two: A Molten Salt Power Tower Demonstration; Sandia Report SAND95-1828C, Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1995.Google Scholar
Mancini, T., Heller, P., Butler, B., Osborn, B., Schiel, W., Goldberg, V., Buck, R., Diver, R., Andraka, C., and Moreno, J.: Dish-stirling systems: An overview of development and status. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 125, 135–151 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, E.A.: Solarthermal processing: A review. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 123(2), 63–74 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IRENA: Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 (International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Jan/IRENA_2017_Power_Costs_2018.pdf (accessed June 21, 2018). ISBN 978-92-9260-040-2.Google Scholar
Wesoff, E.: IEA: Global installed PV capacity leaps to 303 gigawatts (April 27, 2017) [Online]. Available at: https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/iea-global-installed-pv-capacity-leaps-to-303-gw#gs.BpcmN2w (accessed June 21, 2018).Google Scholar
Orcutt, M.: Solar Is a Booming Business, but It’s Still Not Generating Much of Our Power (MIT Technology Review, March 23, 2016) [Online]. Available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601053/solar-is-a-booming-business-but-its-still-not-generating-much-of-our-power/ (accessed June 21, 2018).Google Scholar
Temple, J.: California Is Throttling Back Record Levels of Solar and That’s Bad News for Climate Goals (MIT Technology Review, May 24, 2018) [Online]. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/611188/california-is-throttling-back-record-levels-of-solarand-thats-bad-news-for-climate-goals/ (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
Zhou, Y. and Lu, S.: China’s Renewables Curtailment and Coal Assets Risk Map (Bloomberg New Energy Finance, October 25, 2017) [Online]. Available at: https://data.bloomberglp.com/bnef/sites/14/2017/10/Chinas-Renewable-Curtailment-and-Coal-Assets-Risk-Map-FINAL_2.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
Hayden, H.C.: The Solar Fraud: Why Solar Energy Won’t Run the World (Vales Lake Publishing, LLC, Pueblo West, Colorado, 2004). ISBN 978-0-971-48454-2.Google Scholar
Kelly, M.J.: Lessons from technology development for energy and sustainability. MRS Energy Sustainability 3(1–13), E3 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luz Files for Chapter 7 (Reuters, NY Times Archives, November 29, 1991) [Online]. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/29/business/luz-files-for-chapter-7.html (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
The Rise and Fall of Solar Energy in Spain (Abaco Advisers, August 21, 2017) [Online]. Available at: http://www.abacoadvisers.com/spain-explained/life-in-spain/news/rise-and-fall-solar-energy-in-spain (accessed June 22, 2018).Google Scholar
Zhang, F.: How fit are feed-in tariff policies? Evidence from the european wind market. In Policy Research Working Paper Series 6376 (The World Bank, Washington DC, 2013).Google Scholar
Van den Bergh, K. and Delarue, E.: Cycling of conventional power plants: Technical limits and actual costs. Energy Convers. Manage. 97, 70–77 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, N., Besuner, P., Lefton, S., Agan, D., and Hilleman, D.: Power Plant Cycling Costs; NREL Subcontract Report NREL/SR-5500-55433, Department of Energy, Washington, DC, July 2012.Google Scholar
Mufson, S.: Solar Power Project in Mojave Desert Gets $1.4 Billion Boost from Stimulus Funds (Washington Post, February 23, 2010) [Online]. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/22/AR2010022204891.html (accessed June 24, 2018).Google Scholar
Böhringer, C., Landis, F., and Reaños, M.A.T.: Economic impacts of renewable energy promotion in Germany. Energy J. 38(SI1), 189–209 (2017).Google Scholar
Danelski, D.: Ivanpah Solar Plant, Built to Limit Greenhouse Gases, Is Burning More Natural Gas (The Press-Enterprise, January 23, 2017) [Online]. Available at: https://www.pe.com/2017/01/23/ivanpah-solar-plant-built-to-limit-greenhouse-gases-is-burning-more-natural-gas/ (accessed June 24, 2018).Google Scholar
Taylor, D.J., Paiva, S., and Slocum, A.H.: An alternative to carbon taxes to finance renewable energy systems and offset hydrocarbon based greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 19, 136–145 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akinyele, D., Belikov, J., and Levron, Y.: Challenges of microgrids in remote communities: A STEEP model application. Energies 11(2), 432 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CPUC: California’s distributed energy resources action plan: Aligning vision and action (may 3, 2017) [online]. available at: http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/uploadedfiles/CPuC_Public_Website/Content/about_us/organization/Commissioners/michael_J._Picker/Der%20action%20Plan%20(5-3-17)%20Clean.pdf (accessed November 3, 2018).Google Scholar
Ensuring electricity system reliability, security, and resilience. In Chapter 4 in Transforming the Nation’s Electricity System: The Second Installment of the QER (US Department of Energy, January 2017). Quadrennial Energy Review [Online]. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Chapter%20IV%20Ensuring%20Electricity%20System%20Reliability%2C%20Security%2C%20and%20Resilience.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).Google Scholar
Bierman, B., O’Donnell, J., Burke, R., McCormick, M., and Lindsay, W.: Construction of an enclosed trough EOR system in south Oman. Energy Procedia 49, 1756–1765 (2014). SolarPACES 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klare, M.T.: The Age of Wind and Solar Is Closer than You Think (Scientific America, April 22, 2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-age-of-wind-and-solar-is-closer-than-you-think/ (accessed June 26, 2018).Google Scholar
Cost of Electricity by Source (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, June 21, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source (accessed June 26, 2018).Google Scholar
Musi, R., Grange, B., Sgouridis, S., Guedez, R., Armstrong, P., Slocum, A., and Calvet, N.: Techno-economic analysis of concentrated solar power plants in terms of levelized cost of electricity. In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1850, Al Obaidli, A., Calvet, N., and Richter, C., eds. (AIP Publishing LLC, Melville, NY, 2017); pp. 160018-1–160018-11.Google Scholar
Pitz-Paal, R., Dersch, J., Milow, B., Téllez, F., Ferriere, A., Langnickel, U., Steinfeld, A., Karni, J., Zarza, E., and Popel, O.: Development steps for concentrating solar power technologies with maximum impact on cost reduction. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 129(4), 371–377 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karni, J.: Solar-thermal power generation. In Chapter 3 in Annual Review of Heat Transfer 2011, Vol. 15, Chen, G., Prasad, V., and Jaduria, Y., eds. (Begell Publishing House, Inc., New York, NY, 2012); pp. 37–92. ISBN 978-1-56700-311-6.Google Scholar
Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2015 Edition (International Energy Agency (IEA), Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), September 30, 2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.oecd-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2015/7057-proj-costs-electricity-2015.pdf (accessed June 26, 2018).Google Scholar
Notton, G., Nivet, M.-L., Voyant, C., Paoli, C., Darras, C., Motte, F., and Fouilloy, A.: Intermittent and stochastic character of renewable energy sources: Consequences, cost of intermittence and benefit of forecasting. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 87(C), 96–105 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DOE: Voices of Experience—Integrating Intermittent Resources, what Utilities Are Learning (DOE Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability, U.S. Department of Energy, August 2017).Google Scholar
Luo, G., Dan, E., Zhang, X., and Guo, Y.: Why the wind curtailment of northwest China remains high. Sustainability 10(2), 570 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, L., Cochran, J., and Wang, L.: Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment: Experience and Practices in the United States; Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-60983, Department of Energy, Washington, DC, March 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amelang, S. and Appunn, K.: The causes and effects of negative power prices (January 5, 2018) [online]; available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/why-power-prices-turn-negative (accessed Oct 31, 2018).Google Scholar
Starn, J.: Power worth less than zero spreads as green energy floods the grid (August 6, 2018) [online]; available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-06/negative-prices-in-power-market-as-wind-solar-cut-electricity (accessed October 31, 2018).Google Scholar
Eurostat: Electricity prices for non-household consumers (October 23, 2018) [online]; available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Electricity_price_statistics#Electricity_prices_for_non-household_consumers (accessed October 31, 2018).Google Scholar
Chien, A.A., Yang, F., and Zhang, C.: Characterizing curtailed and uneconomic renewable power in the mid-continent independent system operator (December 18, 2016) [online]; available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1702.05403.pdf (accessed November 3, 2018).Google Scholar
Temple, T.: China’s giant transmission grid could be the key to cutting climate emissions (November 8, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612390/chinas-giant-transmission-grid-could-be-the-key-to-cutting-climate-emissions/ (accessed November 10, 2018).Google Scholar
Sterling, J., Stearn, C., Davidovich, T., Quinlan, P., Pang, J., and Vlahoplus, C.: Proactive Solutions to Curtailment Risk (Smart Electric Power Alliance and ScottMadden Inc., 2017) [Online]. Available at: http://www.firstsolar.com/en-EMEA/-/media/First-Solar/Documents/Grid-Evolution/Proactive-Solutions-to-Curtailment-Risk.ashx?la=en (accessed November 14, 2018).Google Scholar
Zhang, D., Davidson, M., Gunturu, B., Zhang, X., and Karplus, V.J.: An Integrated Assessment of China’s Wind Energy Potential; TSINGHUA—MIT China Energy & Climate Project, Report No. 261, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2014.Google Scholar
Yasuda, L., Bird, L., Carlini, E.M., Estanqueiro, A., Flynn, D., Forcione, A., Lazaro, E.G., Higgins, P., Holttinen, H., Lew, D., Martin-Martinez, S., McCann, J., Menemenlis, N., and Smith, J.C.: International comparison of wind and solar curtailment ratio. In Proceedings of WIW2015 workshop Brussels, Betancourt, U. and Ackermann, T., eds. (Energynautics, Darmstadt, Germany, Oct 20–22, 2015); pp. 20–22.Google Scholar
Davidson, M.R.: Creating markets for wind electricity in China - case studies in energy policy and regulation. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 2018.Google Scholar
MacDonald, A.E., Clack, C.T.M., Alexander, A., Dunbar, A., Wilczak, J., and Xie, Y.: Future cost-competitive electricity systems and their impact on US CO2 emissions. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 526–531 (2016).Google Scholar
Olson, C. and Lenzmann, F.: The social and economic consequences of the fossil fuel supply chain. MRS Energy Sustainability 3(1–32), E6 (2016).Google Scholar
Ligus, M.: Evaluation of economic, social and environmental effects of low-emission energy technologies development in Poland: A multi-criteria analysis with application of a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). Energies 10, 1550 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheikh, N.J., Kocaoglu, D.F., and Lutzenhiser, L.: Social and political impacts of renewable energy: Literature review. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 108, 102–110 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demırbas, A.: The social, economic, and environmental importance of biofuels in the future. Energy Sources, Part B 12(1), 47–55 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems (SolarPACES Published Research) [Online]. Available at: https://www.solarpaces.org/published-research/ (accessed July 8, 2018).Google Scholar
EU PVSEC proceedings [Online]. Available at: https://www.eupvsec-proceedings.com/proceedings/dvd.html (accessed July 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Karni, J., Kribus, A., Ostraich, B., and Kochavi, E.: A high-pressure window for volumetric solar receivers. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 120, 101–107 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, R., Abele, M., Kunberger, J., Denk, T., Heller, P., and Lüpfert, E.: Receiver for solar-hybrid gas turbine and combined cycle systems. J. Phys. IV 09, Pr3-537–Pr3-544 (1999).Google Scholar
Kribus, A., Doron, P., Rubin, R., Reuven, R., Taragan, E., Duchan, S., and Karni, J.: Performance of the directly-irradiated annular pressurized receiver (DIAPR) operating at 20 bar and 1200 °C. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 123, 10–17 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez, C.: A group of researchers at AORA Solar have developed a thermal solar receiver for greater efficiency using less water and less land (July 8, 2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.energynews.es/en/a-group-of-researchers-at-aora-solar-have-developed-a-thermal-solar-receiver-for-greater-efficiency-using-less-water-and-less-land/ (accessed July 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Ibrahim, H., Ilinca, A., and Perron, J.: Energy storage systems—Characteristics and comparisons. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 12, 1221–1250 (2008).Google Scholar
Guney, M.S. and Tepe, Y.: Classification and assessment of energy storage systems. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 75, 1187–1197 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
High-Concentration III–V Multijunction Solar Cells (Photovoltaic Research, NREL) [Online]. Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/pv/high-concentration-iii-v-multijunction-solar-cells.html (accessed July 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Photovoltaics Report (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, ISE, June 19, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/de/documents/publications/studies/Photovoltaics-Report.pdf (accessed July 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Dreger, M., Wiesenfarth, M., Schmid, T., and Bett, A.W.: Analysis of high concentration passively cooled CPV module designs using mirror optics. In 28th EU-PVSEC Conference Proceedings—EU PVSEC 2013, 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Mine, A., Jager-Waldau, A., and Helm, P., eds. (WIP-Renewable Energies, Munich, September 2013); pp. 599–604.Google Scholar
Kusek, S., Karni, J., Caraway, M., and Lynn, M.: Description and performance of the MicroDish concentrating photovoltaic system. In Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Solar Concentrators For the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen (ICSC-4) (San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain, March 2007); pp. 229–232. Session 3B, Paper 4.Google Scholar
Piatkowski, N. and Steinfeld, A.: Solar-driven coal gasification in a thermally irradiated packed-bed reactor. Energy Fuels 22, 2043–2052 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J.E., Evans, L.R., Siegel, N.P., Diver, R.B., Gelbard, F., Ambrosini, A., and Allendorf, M.D.: Summary Report: Direct Approaches for Recycling Carbon Dioxide into Synthetic Fuel; Sandia Report SAND 2009-0399, Department of Energy, Washington, DC, January 2009.Google Scholar
Klein, H., Karni, J., and Rubin, R.: Dry methane reforming without a metal catalyst in a directly irradiated solar particle reactor. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 131, 021001-1–021001-14 (2009).Google Scholar
Lorentzou, S., Karagiannakis, G., Pagkoura, C., Zygogiannia, A., and Konstandopoulosa, A.G.: Thermochemical CO2 and CO2/H2O splitting over NiFe2O4 for solar fuels synthesis. Energy Procedia 49, 1999–2008 (2014). SolarPACES 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tou, M., Michalsky, R., and Steinfeld, A.: Solar-driven thermochemical splitting of CO2 and in situ separation of CO and O2 across a ceria redox membrane reactor. Joule 1, 146–154 (2017).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, E.A. and Moen, R.L.: Hydrogen and oxygen from water. Science 197, 1050–1056 (1977).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navas, S.J., Ollero, P., and Rubio, F.R.: Optimum operating temperature of parabolic trough solar fields. Sol. Energy 158, 295–302 (2017).Google Scholar
Slocum, A., Campbell, R., Giglio, M., Bernasconi, A., Cardamone, S., and Parow, N.: Large Monolithic Curved Panels and Cylindrical Torque Tubes for Concentrated Solar Power Parabolic Trough Systems (euspen Annual Meeting, Venice, Italy, 2018).Google Scholar
Mills, D.R. and Morrison, G.L.: Compact linear fresnel reflector solar thermal powerplants. Sol. Energy 68(3), 263–283 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Günther, M.: Linear fresnel technology. In Chapter 6 in Advanced CSP Teaching Materials, enerMENA, DLR (2006) [Online]. Available at: http://www.energy-science.org/bibliotheque/cours/1361468614Chapter%2006%20Fresnel.pdf (accessed July 11, 2018).Google Scholar
Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts; Sargent and Lundy Consulting Group, NREL/SR-550-34440, 2003 [Online]. Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34440.pdf (accessed July 11, 2018).Google Scholar
Kutscher, C., Burkholder, F., and Stynes, K.: Generation of a Parabolic Trough Collector Efficiency Curve from Separate Measurements of Outdoor Optical Efficiency and Indoor Receiver Heat Loss (SolarPACES 2010, Perpignan, France, September 21–24, 2010) [Online]. Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/49304.pdf (accessed July 11, 2018).Google Scholar
Battleson, K.W.: Solar Power Tower Design Guide: Solar Thermal Central Receiver Power Systems, a Source of Electricity And/or Process Heat; Sandia National Labs Report SAND81-8005, Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1981.Google Scholar
Ehrhart, B. and Gill, D.: Evaluation of annual efficiencies of high temperature central receiver concentrated solar power plants with thermal energy storage. Energy Procedia 49, 752–761 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collado, F.J. and Guallar, J.: Two-stages optimised design of the collector field of solar power tower plants. Sol. Energy 135, 884–896 (2016).Google Scholar
Noone, C.J., Torrilhon, M., and Mitsos, A.: Heliostat field optimization: A new computationally efficient model and biomimetic layout. Sol. Energy 86(2), 792–803 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, R. and Friedmann, S.: Solar-assisted small solar tower trigeneration systems. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 129, 349–354 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitz-Paal, R.: High temperature solar concentrators. In Solar Energy Conversion and Photoenergy System—Volume I, Chapter 4, Blanco, J. and Malato, S., eds. (Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Oxford, U.K., 2009); pp. 199–241, ISBN-978-1-84826-735-0.Google Scholar
Patel, S.: Game-Changing Supercritical CO2 Cycles Are Closer to Commercialization (POWER, December 13, 2017) [Online]. Available at: http://www.powermag.com/game-changing-supercritical-co2-cycles-are-closer-to-commercialization/ (accessed July 11, 2018).Google Scholar
NET Power Achieves Major Milestone for Carbon Capture with Demonstration Plant First Fire (CISION, May 30, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/net-power-achieves-major-milestone-for-carbon-capture-with-demonstration-plant-first-fire-300656175.html (accessed July 11, 2018).Google Scholar
EPS100 Heat Recovery Solution 8 MW Nameplate Capacity (Echogen) [Online]. Available at: https://www.echogen.com/our-solution/product-series/eps100/ (accessed July 11, 2018).Google Scholar
Li, Q., Yang, L., Shaohua, G., and Haoshen, Z.: Solar energy storage in the rechargeable batteries. Nano Today 16, 46–60 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, G.J., Davidson, A., and Monahov, B.: Lead batteries for utility energy storage: A review. J. Energy Storage 15, 145–157 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehman, S., Al-Hadhrami, L.M., and Alam, M.M.: Pumped hydro energy storage system: A technological review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 44, 586–598 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slocum, A.H., Haji, M.N., Trimble, A.Z., Ferrara, M., and Ghaemsaidi, S.J.: Integrated pumped hydro reverse osmosis systems. Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 18, 80–99 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Lu, K., Ma, L., Wang, J., Dooner, M., Miao, S., Li, J., and Wang, D.: Overview of compressed air energy storage and technology development. Energies 10(7), 991 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, T., Steinmann, W.-D., Laing, D., and Tamme, R.: Thermal energy storage materials and systems. In Chapter 5 in Annual Review of Heat Transfer 2011, Vol. 15, Chen, G., Prasad, V., and Jaduria, Y., eds. (Begell Publishing House, Inc., New York, NY, 2012); pp. 131–177. ISBN 978-1-56700-311-6.Google Scholar
Sarbu, I. and Sebarchievici, C.: A comprehensive review of thermal energy storage. Sustainability 10, 191 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, X., Wang, J., Dooner, M., and Clarke, J.: Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation. Appl. Energy 137, 511–536 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittner, N., Lill, F., and Kammen, D.M.: Energy storage deployment and innovation for the clean energy transition. Nat. Energy 2, 17125 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, W., Li, G., Pei, A., Li, Y., Liao, L., Wang, H., Wan, J., Liang, Z., Chen, G., Zhang, H., Wang, J., and Cui, Y.: A manganese-hydrogen battery with potential for grid-scale energy storage. Nat. Energy 3, 428–435 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, S.: New Energy Storage Battery Technology Answers the Need for Li-Ion Replacement (Power Electronics, February 6, 2018) [Online]. Available at: http://www.powerelectronics.com/alternative-energy/new-energy-storage-battery-technology-answers-need-li-ion-replacement (accessed July 16, 2018).Google Scholar
Liu, C., Colón, B.C., Ziesack, M., Silver, P.A., and Nocera, D.G.: Water splitting–biosynthetic system with CO2 reduction efficiencies exceeding photosynthesis. Science 352(6290), 1210–1213 (2016).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, H.L., Amal, R., and Ng, Y.H.: Alternative strategies in improving the photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical activities of visible light-driven BiVO4: A review. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 16498–16521 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavliuk, M.V., Fernandes, A.B., Abdellah, M., Fernandes, D.L.A., Machado, C.O., Rocha, I., Hattori, Y., Paun, C., Erick, L., Bastos, E.L., and Sá, J.: Nano-hybrid plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen production at 20% efficiency. Sci. Rep. 7, 8670 (2017).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landman, A., Dotan, H., Shter, G.E., Wullenkord, M., Houaijia, A., Maljusch, A., Grader, G.S., and Rothschild, A.: Photoelectrochemical water splitting in separate oxygen and hydrogen cells. Nat. Mater. 16, 646–651 (2017).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patra, K.K., Bhuskute, B.D., and Gopinath, C.S.: Possibly scalable solar hydrogen generation with quasi-artificial leaf approach. Sci. Rep. 7, 6515 (2017).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, A., von Backström, T., Joubert, E., and Gauché, P.: Rock bed thermal storage: Concepts and costs. In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1734, Rajpaul, V. and Richter, C., eds. (AIP Publishing LLC, Melville, NY, 2016); pp. 050003-1–050003-8.Google Scholar
Klein, P., Roos, T.H., and Sheer, T.J.: Parametric analysis of a high temperature packed bed thermal storage design for a solar gas turbine. Sol. Energy 118, 59–73 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alumina Energy, LLC and the City University of New York (CUNY) Are Pleased to Announce that Alumina Energy Is the Exclusive Licensee for the Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage (PB-TES) Technology Developed by the Late CUNY Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering, Dr. Reuel Shinnar (CUNY, May 6, 2016) [Online]. Available at: http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2016/05/06/alumina-energy-llc-and-the-city-university-of-new-york-cuny-are-pleased-to-announce-that-alumina-energy-is-the-exclusive-licensee-for-the-packed-bed-thermal-energy-storage-pb-tes-technology-devel/ (accessed July 17, 2018).Google Scholar
Chase, J.: Solar Thermal Levelized Cost of Energy (Bloomberg New Energy Finance, February 3, 2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.iea.org/media/workshops/2014/solarelectricity/BNEF1LCOEofSTE.pdf (accessed July 17, 2018).Google Scholar
Dieckmann, S., Dersch, J., Giuliano, S., Puppe, M., Lüpfert, E., Hennecke, K., Pitz-Paal, R., Taylor, M., and Ralon, P.: LCOE reduction potential of parabolic trough and solar tower CSP technology until 2025. In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1850, Al Obaidli, A., Calvet, N., and Richter, C., eds. (AIP Publishing LLC, Melville, NY, 2017); pp. 160004-1–160004-8.Google Scholar
Alioshin, Y., Kohn, M., Rothschild, A., and Karni, J.: High temperature electrolysis of CO2 for fuel production. J. Electrochem. Soc. 163(2), F79–F87 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Liu, T., Lei, L., and Chen, F.: High temperature solid oxide H2O/CO2 Co-electrolysis for syngas production. Fuel Process. Technol. 161, 248–258 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, X., Song, Y., Wang, G., and Bao, X.: Co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O in high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells: Recent advance in cathodes. J. Energy Chem. 26, 839–853 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, D.W., Holmes, G., Angelo, D.S., and Heidel, K.: A process for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. Joule 2, 1–22 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, R.P.: The Fizzy Math of Carbon Capture (Grist, October 10, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://grist.org/article/direct-air-carbon-capture-global-thermostat/ (accessed November 13, 2018).Google Scholar
State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2018 (World Bank Group, May 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29687/9781464812927.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y (accessed November 13, 2018).Google Scholar
Carbon Pricing Dashboard, Map & Data (The World Bank, September 1, 2018) [Online]. Available at: https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/map_data (accessed November 13, 2018).Google Scholar
Daily Energy Demand Curve (Energymag) [Online]. Available at: https://energymag.net/daily-energy-demand-curve/ (accessed July 16, 2018).Google Scholar
Zhang, Z.Y., Gong, D.Y., and Mab, J.J.: A study on the electric power load of beijing and its relationships with meteorological factors during summer and winter. Meteorol. Appl. 21, 141–148 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaur, K., Rathour, H.K., Agarwal, P.K., Baba, K.V.S., and Soonee, S.K.: Analysing the electricity demand pattern. In 2016 National Power Systems Conference (NPSC) (Bhubaneswar, India, December 2016) [Online]. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7858969/ (accessed July 17, 2018).Google Scholar
Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the United States (NREL) [Online]. Available at: https://rredc.nrel.gov/WIND/PUBS/ATLAS/chp2.html (accessed July 18, 2018).Google Scholar
Smith, E.D. and Slocum, A.H.: Tapered spiral welded structure. U.S. Patent No. US9475153, October 25, 2016.Google Scholar
Slocum, A.H.: Symbiotic offshore energy harvesting and storage systems. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 11, 135–141 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haji, M.N., Delmy, C., Gonzalez, J., and Slocum, A.H.: Uranium extraction from seawater using adsorbent shell enclosures via a symbiotic offshore wind turbine device. In ISOPE-I-16-470, Proceeding of Twenty-sixth (2016) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Chung, J.S., Muskulus, M., Kokkinis, T., and Wang, A.M., eds. (International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Cupertino, CA, June 26–July 1, 2016).Google Scholar
Buck, B.H., Krause, G., and Rosenthal, H.: Extensive open ocean aquaculture development within wind farms in Germany: The prospect of offshore Co-management and legal constraints. Ocean Coast Manag. 47, 95–122 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bejan, A.: Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes. J. Appl. Phys. 79, 1191–1218 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar