Special issue on methodology
The assessment of diet and physical activity in populations is central to research and practice of public health nutrition. Choosing the best method for each study and setting requires both technical experience and up-to-date knowledge. With the explosive growth of information technology, the potential for data capture on diet, activity and the environmental context by novel methods such as digital cameras, mobile phones and global positioning systems is being explored. In this issue Nelson-Laska et al.(Reference Nelson Laska, Graham and Moe1) show the potential of Personal Digital Assistants for capturing information about the context of eating in young adults while Baranowski et al.(Reference Baranowski, Baranowski and Watson2) highlight the possibilities of digital images to assess portion size in children. These additions to the tools available for dietary assessment open up new possibilities for the type and quality of dietary data collection.
Development and validation of methods
While some methods such as the weighed food record and FFQ have been widely used, in recent times we have been forced to recognise that these have pitfalls of their own. Under-reporting of food intake is a challenge for weighed records(Reference Livingstone, Prentice and Strain3), while concerns about the performance of FFQ in epidemiological studies have also been aired(Reference Kristal, Peters and Potter4). Lutomski et al.(Reference Lutomski, van den Broeck and Harrington5) report on characteristics of under- and over-reporters in a national survey of diet in Ireland. Papers by Gwynn et al.(Reference Gwynn, Flood and D'Este6) and Dutman et al.(Reference Dutman, Stafleu and Kruizinga7) report validation studies in populations as diverse as Caribbean adults and Australian Aboriginal children, highlighting the importance of validation for each application and population, while the results of Pakseresht et al.(Reference Pakseresht, Sharma and Cao8) demonstrate how validity can differ between nutrients from the same questionnaire. Validation of different physical activity questionnaires in different study populations is also important, and Pettee Gabriel et al.(Reference Pettee Gabriel, McClain and Schmid9) and Macfarlane et al.(Reference Macfarlane, Chan and Cerin10) demonstrate this in action. Abu Saad et al.(Reference Abu-Saad, Shai and Vardi11) show how food frequency data can be used to develop rapid assessment tools and Ward et al.(Reference Ward, Luben and Wareham12) describe the impact of open v. closed questions on estimates of alcohol intake.
Nutrient composition of foods and supplements
Even with high-quality dietary assessment, translation of data into nutrient intake relies on the accuracy of food composition data. Chemical analysis of foods is an expensive and labour-intensive process, but with more processed foods coming on to the market and with reformulation of existing foods by manufacturers it is an increasing challenge to keep up to date with quality assured. Another important issue where manufacturers’ data are used is in the assessment of supplement intake. Lentjes et al.(Reference Lentjes, Bhaniani and Mulligan13) describe a comprehensive approach to collecting data from supplement labels and assumptions made in estimating nutrient intake in the adults taking part in the EPIC–Norfolk study: the need for this is demonstrated by the fact that 40% took a supplement at least 1 d in the 7 d of their diet diary. Given the substantial effort involved in this process, the possibility of sharing both this methodology and the burden of maintaining the information could be a worthwhile exercise.
Food labelling
With the huge growth in processed foods worldwide, food labelling is an important issue for consumers. Tao et al.(Reference Tao, Li and Lo14) describe the low proportion of foods labelled and deficiencies in the information presented on foods available in China prior to recent legislation. Jacobs et al.(Reference Jacobs, De Beer and Larney15) describe barriers to understanding labels in South African adults, while Elliott and Conlon(Reference Elliott and Conlon16) show how different criteria for assessing sodium levels in children's foods can give different results.
Other approaches
For some nutrients such as heavy metals, conventional dietary assessment methods may not be appropriate as the nutrient content of foods varies so highly and is poorly covered by food composition tables. Biomarkers can be used to indicate key food sources, as shown for methylmercury by Airaksinen et al.(Reference Airaksinen, Turunen and Rantakokko17).
Food balance sheets, which describe production, imports and exports for commodities for each country in relation to population size, are published annually for each country by FAO yet are rarely used in nutrition research. Sheehy and Sharma(18) show how this information can be used to estimate the impact of fortification of specific foods on population nutrient intake. With increasing concern about national and global food security, FAO data may be increasingly useful for population research.
Overall it is an exciting time to be involved in diet and physical activity assessment. We hope you will enjoy this issue and look forward to receiving more papers on this area in the future.
