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Trends in dietary choline and betaine intake among Chinese adults: the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2011

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2024

Peiyan Chen ,
Shangling Wu ,
Peishan Tan ,
Yi Sui ,
Jialin Lu ,
Tianyou Peng ,
Wenting Wang ,
Wei Lu ,
Huilian Zhu Open the ORCID record for Huilian Zhu [Opens in a new window]  and
Keji Li
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Peiyan Chen
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Shangling Wu
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Peishan Tan
Affiliation:
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Yi Sui
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Jialin Lu
Affiliation:
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Tianyou Peng
Affiliation:
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Wenting Wang
Affiliation:
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Wei Lu
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Huilian Zhu
Affiliation:
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Keji Li
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Aiping Fang*
Affiliation:
School of Public Health and Emergency Management, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
*
Corresponding author: Aiping Fang; Email: fangap@sustech.edu.cn
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Abstract

Choline and betaine are important in the body, from cell membrane components to methyl donors. We aimed to investigate trends in dietary intake and food sources of total choline, individual choline forms and betaine in Chinese adults using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 1991–2011, a prospective cohort with a multistage, random cluster design. Dietary intake was estimated using three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls in combination with a household food inventory. Linear mixed-effect models were constructed using R software. A total of 11 188 men and 12 279 women aged 18 years or older were included. Between 1991 and 2011, total choline intake increased from 219·3 (95 % CI 215·1, 223·4) mg/d to 269·0 (95 % CI 265·6, 272·5) mg/d in men and from 195·6 (95 % CI 191·8, 199·4) mg/d to 240·4 (95 % CI 237·4, 243·5) mg/d in women (both P-trends < 0·001). Phosphatidylcholine was the major form of dietary choline, and its contribution to total choline increased from 46·9 % in 1991 to 58·8 % in 2011. Cereals were the primary food source of total choline before 2000, while eggs had ranked at the top since 2004. Dietary betaine intake was relatively steady over time with a range of 134·0–151·5 mg/d in men (P-trend < 0·001) and 111·7–125·3 mg/d in women (P-trend > 0·05). Chinese adults experienced a significant increase in dietary intake of choline, particularly phosphatidylcholine during 1991–2011 and animal-derived foods have replaced plant-based foods as the main food sources of choline. Betaine intake remained relatively stable over time. Future efforts should address the health effects of these changes.

Keywords

CholineBetainePhosphatidylcholineTrends in intakeChinese adults
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 133 , Issue 1 , 14 January 2025 , pp. 84 - 93
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Copyright
© Southern University of Science and Technology, 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

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Footnotes

†

These authors contribute equally to this work and are the co-first authors for this paper.

‡

These authors are co-senior authors.

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