Abbreviations
- AC
Absorptive capacity
- AMC
Advance market commitment
- ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- BGs
Business groups
- BOP
Balance of payments
- CBUs
Completely built units
- CEO
Chief executive officer
- CEPAL
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe
- CES
Consumer Electronics Show
- CKD
Complete knock-down
- CMO
Contract manufacturing organization
- CORFO
Corporación de Fomento de la Producción
- CTT
Cycle time of technologies
- DRAM
Dynamic random access memory
- DVAFXSH
Domestic value added embodied in foreign exports as a share of the gross exports of a foreign country
- EEs
Emerging economies
- E&E
Electrical and electronic
- EU
European Union
- FAW
First Automotive Works
- FCh
Fundación Chile
- FDI
Foreign direct investment
- FELDA
Federal Land Development Agency
- FIZ
Free industrial zone
- FOE
Foreign-owned enterprise
- FTA
Free trade agreement
- FVA
Foreign value added
- GDP
Gross domestic product
- GM
General Motors
- GNP
Gross national product
- GPAC
Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company
- GVC
Global value chain
- HaS
Hub-and-spoke
- HHI
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index
- HICOM
Heavy Industries Corporation of Malysia Berhad
- HKEX
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing
- HSIP
Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park
- IMF
International Monetary Fund
- IPO
Initial public offering
- IPR
Intellectual property rights
- ITRI
Industrial Technology Research Institute
- JVs
Joint ventures
- KOSDAQ
Korean Securities Dealers Automated Quotations
- KSE
Korea Stock Exchange
- LCRs
Local content requirements
- M&A
Merger and acquisition
- MICs
Middle-income countries
- MIT
Middle-income trap
- MNCs
Multinational corporations
- MPOB
Malaysian Palm Oil Board
- MRB
Malaysian Rubber Board
- NBS
National Bureau of Statistics
- NERI
National Economic Research Institute
- NIS
National Innovation System
- NYSE
New York Stock Exchange
- OBM
Original brand manufacturer
- ODM
Original design manufacturer
- OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OEM
Original equipment manufacturer
- PDA
Petroleum Development Act
- PDC
Penang Development Centre
- POLE
Privately owned local enterprise
- PORIM
Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia
- PORLA
Palm Oil Registration and Licensing Authority
- PPP
Purchasing power parity
- PSC
Production-sharing contract
- PSDC
Penang Skill Development Centre
- RCA
Revealed comparative advantage
- R&D
Research and development
- RIS
Regional innovation system
- SAIC
Shanghai Auto Industry Corporation
- SEAT
Spanish Touring Automobiles Company
- SEC
Securities & Exchange Commission
- SEZ
Special economic zone
- SME
Small- and medium-sized enterprise
- SMIC
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (Shanghai)
- SOE
State-owned enterprise
- TDX
Time-Division Exchange (public–private R&D consortium)
- TFP
Total factor productivity
- TIPS
Technology incubator programs for startups
- TSMC
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
- UMC
United Microelectronics Corporation
- UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
- UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- USAMG
US Army Military Government
- USPTO
United States Patent and Trademark Office
- VoC
Varieties of capitalism
- WTO
World Trade Organization
Open access