Abbreviations and Symbols
- abl.
ablative
- acc.
accusative
- act.
active
- Aeol.
Aeolic
- Alb.
Albanian
- Anat.
Anatolian
- Arc.
Arcadian
- Arm.
Armenian
- Att.
Attic
- Av.
Avestan
- BL
Bartholomae’s Law
- Boeot.
Boeotian
- Br.
Brāhmaṇa
- Brit.
Brittonic
- Bulg.
Bulgarian
- c.
common (gender)
- Car.
Carian
- Celtib.
Celtiberian
- CS
Church Slavonic
- CIIr.
Common Indo-Iranian
- CIrn.
Common Iranian
- Cisalp.
Cisalpine
- class.
classical
- CLuw.
Cuneiform Luwian
- coll.
collective
- cpd.
compound
- CPIE
Core Proto-Indo-European
- Cr.
Croatian
- CSl.
Common Slavic
- CToch.
Common Tocharian
- Cypr.
Cypriot
- Cz.
Czech
- dat.
dative
- decl.
declension
- dial.
dialect(al)
- Dor.
Doric
- du.
dual
- EIA
Eastern Indo-Aryan
- encl.
enclitic
- Eng.
English
- Ep.
Epic
- ER
Early Runic
- Eub.
Euboean
- f(em).
feminine
- Fal.
Faliscan
- Far.
Faroese
- Finn.
Finnish
- Fr.
French
- gen.
genitive
- Gaul.
Gaulish
- Geo.
Georgian
- Gmc.
Germanic
- Goth.
Gothic
- Gr.
Greek
- HG
High German
- Hitt.
Hittite
- HLuw.
Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Hom.
Homer
- Hsch.
Hesychius
- Hung.
Hungarian
- IA
(Eastern) Indo-Aryan
- IE
Indo-European
- IIrn.
Indo-Iranian
- Illyr.
Illyrian
- impv.
imperative
- Ind.
Indic
- indic.
indicative
- inf.
infinitive
- instr.
instrumental
- Ion.
Ionic
- Ir.
Irish
- Irn.
Iranian
- Khot.
Khotanese
- Lat.
Latin
- Latv.
Latvian
- len.
lenited
- Lesb.
Lesbian
- Lith.
Lithuanian
- LLat.
Late Latin
- loc.
locative
- Luw.
Luwian
- Lyc.
Lycian
- MA
media(e) aspirata(e)
- m(asc).
masculine
- MBret.
Middle Breton
- MCorn.
Middle Cornish
- MDu.
Middle Dutch
- Mess.
Messapic
- MIA
Middle Indo-Aryan
- mid.
middle
- Mil.
Milyan
- MIr.
Middle Irish
- MIrn.
Middle Iranian
- MLG
Middle Low German
- ModBret.
Modern Breton
- ModG
Modern German
- ModGr.
Modern Greek
- Mordv.
Mordvinian
- MPers.
Middle Persian
- MPhr.
Middle Phrygian
- MW
Middle Welsh
- Myc.
Mycenaean
- neg.
negation
- Neth.
Netherlandic (Dutch)
- n(eut).
neuter
- NFris.
North Frisian
- NGeg
North Geg
- NHG
New High German
- NIA
New Indo-Aryan
- NIE
Nuclear Indo-European
- NIrn.
New Iranian
- nom.
nominative
- NPers.
New Persian
- NPhr.
New Phrygian
- Nur.
Nuristani(c)
- Nw.
Norwegian
- NWGr.
North-West Greek
- OAlb.
Old Albanian
- OAv.
Old Avestan
- obj.
object
- obl.
oblique
- OCorn.
Old Cornish
- OCS
Old Church Slavonic
- OCz.
Old Czech
- ODu.
Old Dutch
- OE
Old English
- OF
Old Frisian
- OFr.
Old French
- OHG
Old High German
- OIA
Old Indo-Aryan
- OIr.
Old Irish
- OIrn.
Old Iranian
- OLat.
Old Latin
- OLith.
Old Lithuanian
- ON
Old Norse
- OPers.
Old Persian
- OPhr.
Old Phrygian
- OPr.
Old Prussian
- ORu.
Old Russian
- OS
Old Saxon
- Osc.
Oscan
- OSw.
Old Swedish
- OUmb.
Old Umbrian
- Pael.
Paelignian
- PAlb.
Proto-Albanian
- PAnat.
Proto-Anatolian
- PBalt.
Proto-Baltic
- PBret.
Proto-Breton
- PBrit.
Proto-Brittonic
- PCelt.
Proto-Celtic
- perl.
perlative
- pf.
perfect
- PGmc.
Proto-Germanic
- Phryg.
Phrygian
- PIA
Proto-Indo-Aryan
- PIE
Proto-Indo-European
- PIIrn.
Proto-Indo-Iranian
- PIrn.
Proto-Iranian
- Pis.
Pisidian
- PIt.
Proto-Italic
- PNIE
Proto-Nuclear Indo-European
- Port.
Portuguese
- pl.
plural
- pres.
present
- pret.
preterite
- ps.
person
- PSl.
Proto-Slavic
- ptc.
participle
- PToch.
Proto-Tocharian
- PWGmc.
Proto-West-Germanic
- Ru.
Russian
- RuCS
Russian Church Slavonic
- Samn.
Samnite
- SCr.
Serbo-Croatian
- SE
secondary ending
- Serb.
Serbian
- sg.
singular
- sglt.
singulative
- SGr.
South Greek
- Sid.
Sidetic
- Skt.
Sanskrit
- Slk.
Slovak
- Sln.
Slovene
- Sogd.
Sogdian
- Sp.
Spanish
- SPic.
South Picene
- SWBrit.
South-West Brittonic
- SWNw.
South-West Norwegian
- Thess.
Thessalian
- Thrac.
Thracian
- Toch.
Tocharian
- Toch.A
Tocharian A
- Toch.B
Tocharian B
- Umb.
Umbrian
- Ved.
Vedic Sanskrit
- Ven.
Venetic
- VOL
Very Old Latin
- W
Welsh
- WFris.
West Frisian
- WGr.
West Greek
- WIA
Western Indo-Aryan = Mittanni (Indo-)Aryan
- YAv.
Young Avestan
- C
consonant
- H
laryngeal
- R
sonorant consonant
- V
vowel
- *
reconstruction
- < >
phonetically regular change
- ← →
morphological reshaping or replacement
- ⇐ ⇒
borrowing
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