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Early life processes: A geo- and astrobiological approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2016

Jan-Peter Duda  and
Joachim Reitner
Jan-Peter Duda*
Affiliation:
Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Origin of Life Group, Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Theaterstr. 7, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
Joachim Reitner*
Affiliation:
Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Origin of Life Group, Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Theaterstr. 7, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
*
e-mail: jan-peter.duda@geo.uni-goettingen.de
jreitne@gwdg.de
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Abstract

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Type
Editorial
Information
International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 15 , Special Issue 3: Early life processes: A geo- and astrobiological approach , July 2016 , pp. 161 - 163
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Introduction

The search for potential extraterrestrial life has been a hot topic for a long time. In almost the same manner, the origin and early diversification of life on Earth has been of great interest for many people in and outside academia for decades. Fundamental problems related to both issues, as for instance the identification of potential biosignatures and habitable environments, are strikingly similar. This scientific and technological overlap gave rise to the field of astrobiology (e.g. Dick & Strick Reference Dick and Strick2004; Farmer Reference Farmer, Reitner and Thiel2011).

Most aspects of astrobiology are inherently linked to the field of geobiology (e.g. Reitner & Thiel Reference Reitner, Thiel, Reitner and Thiel2011; Knoll et al. Reference Knoll, Canfield, Konhauser, Knoll, Canfield and Konhauser2012). Examples include the search for biosignatures, the reconstruction of early life processes from the rock record and the investigation of recent analogues for past environments. One of the few differences is that astrobiology also includes the investigation of extraterrestrial materials. In either case, however, research projects are commonly rather discipline- than problem-specific, and all scientific approaches have their technical and interpretative limitations.

Aiming at stimulating discussion across different scientific disciplines, the international symposium ‘Dating the origin of Life: Present-Day Molecules and First Fossil Record’ was held at the Göttingen Academy of Sciences & Humanities (GASH) in October 2014. This symposium was financed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (RE 665/39-1), the GASH, and the Courant Research Centre of Geobiology (Reitner et al. Reference Reitner, Duda and Fritz2014; Fig. 1). This special issue of the International Journal of Astrobiology attempts to reflect the scientific spirit of this meeting.

Fig. 1. Participants of the international symposium “Dating the Origin of Life: Present Day Molecules and First Fossil Record” (held in 2014 in Göttingen). 1: Wilfried Kramer, 2: Elizabeth D. Swanner, 3: Andreas Kappler, 4: Andrew Steele, 5: Chaitanya Giri, 6: Michael Hoppert, 7: Martin Blumenberg, 8: Tom McCollom, 9: Aude Picard, 10: Maximilian Halama, 11: Hans-Joachim Fritz, 12: Blanca Rincón Thomás, 13: Ulf Diederichsen, 14: Steven Benner, 15: Sudhir Kumar, 16: Dorothea Hause-Reitner, 17: Christian Hallmann, 18: Cui Luo, 19: Stefan Peters, 20: Andreas Pack, 21: Joachim Reitner, 22: Bettina Schirrmeister, 23: Jan-Peter Duda, 24: Anna Kral, 25: Natalie Bleile, 26: Fritz Eckstein, 27: Patrick Kunath, 28: Raul Schrott, 29: Manolo Gouy, 30: Walter Goetz, 31: Dietmar Porschke, 32: Nadine Schäfer, 33: Alexander Gehler, 34: Martin Van Kranendonk, 35: Blair Hedges, 36: Volker Thiel, 37: Niels Höche, 38: Sukanya Sengupta.

Biosignatures and reconstruction of early life processes from the rock record

Lipid biomarkers are powerful tools for the identification of life (e.g., Treibs Reference Treibs1934a, Reference Treibsb; Reference Treibs1936; Eglinton & Calvin Reference Eglinton and Calvin1967; Brocks & Summons Reference Brocks, Summons and Schlesinger2003), but are commonly biased by secondary processes such as thermal maturation. Mißbach et al. (Reference Mißbach, Duda, Lünsdorf, Schmidt and Thielthis issue) experimentally assessed the thermal stability of selected kerogen-bound lipid biomarkers. Their study revealed major differences, sounding a note of caution for the interpretation of lipid biomarkers in rocks that experienced higher temperatures.

Stable sulfur isotopes (32S, 33S, 34S and 36S) are influenced by microbial sulphur processing (e.g. Strauss Reference Strauss1997; Hoefs Reference Hoefs2015). Montinaro & Strauss (Reference Montinaro and Straussthis issue) review the current knowledge about the Archean sulfur cycle, and discuss the impact of microbial driven sulphur cycling. They demonstrate the meaning and potential of sulphur isotope analyses for understanding sulphur cycling on the early Earth, including the reconstruction of sources and (microbial) fractionation pathways.

Since their first occurrence, cyanobacteria have fundamentally shaped the bio- and geosphere by producing molecular oxygen as a metabolic by-product (e.g. Blankenship & Hartman Reference Blankenship and Hartman1998; Blankenship Reference Blankenship2010; Lyons et al. Reference Lyons, Reinhard and Planavsky2014). Schirrmeister et al. (Reference Schirrmeister, Sanchez-Baracaldo and Waceythis issue) summarize the current knowledge about cyanobacterial evolution during the Precambrian, including their phylogenetic history, their fossil record and biogeochemical evidence. This is crucial for a better understanding of how our planet became an oxygen-rich place.

Recent analogues for past environments

Precambrian banded iron formations (BIFs) record one of the most fundamental transitions in Earth's history, the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) (Holland Reference Holland2006; Farquhar et al. Reference Farquhar, Zerkle and Bekker2011; Posth et al. Reference Posth, Konhauser, Kappler, Reitner and Thiel2011). Koeksoy et al. (Reference Koeksoy, Halama, Konhauser and Kapplerthis issue) provide an overview of modern, ferruginous lakes that have been used as analogue BIF environments. These modern stratified lakes can serve as models for Precambrian ocean conditions, and so help to understand the impact of (bio-) geochemical processes on the formation of BIFs better.

Manganese-rich carbonate minerals are potential biosignatures as their formation is commonly linked to microbial processes (Okita et al. Reference Okita, Maynard, Spikers and Force1988; Kashefi & Lovley Reference Kashefi and Lovley2000; Spiro et al. Reference Spiro, Bargar, Sposito and Tebo2010). Rincón Tomás et al. (Reference Rincón Tomás, Khonsari, Mühlen, Wickbold, Schäfer, Hause-Reitner, Hoppert and Reitnerthis issue) summarize the cycling of manganese in the presence and absence of atmospheric oxygen and discuss implications on the biogenic deposition of manganese-rich carbonates in early Archean settings. This paves way to a new type of biosignature, extending the toolkit for the detection of life on the early Earth.

Understanding organic matter in the extraterrestrial realm

Complex organic material on the surfaces of Centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) causes near-infrared (NIR) reflectance and, possibly, a low geometric albedo. Giri et al. (Reference Giri, McKay, Goesmann, Schäfer, Li, Steininger, Brinckerhoff, Gautier, Reitner and Meierhenrichthis issue) analyzed the chemical structure and composition of ‘Titan tholins’, showing that highly ‘carbonized’ complex organic material (i.e. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nanoscopic soot aggregates and cauliflower-like graphite) could contribute to the NIR reflectance and to the low geometric albedos.

Mars has been focus for the search for extraterrestrial life (e.g. Levin Reference Levin1997; Westall et al. Reference Westall2000, Reference Westall2015; Ehrenfreund et al. Reference Ehrenfreund2011), and various research missions are scheduled for the future. Goetz et al. (Reference Giri, McKay, Goesmann, Schäfer, Li, Steininger, Brinckerhoff, Gautier, Reitner and Meierhenrichthis issue) describe strategies for the analysis of possible organic materials on Mars. Right in time for the planned launch of ESA's ExoMars mission in 2018, they discuss the value and role of ExoMars rover including the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA), a key-instrument for the identification of organic materials on the surface and subsurface of Mars.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the editorial team of the International Journal of Astrobiology for their efforts and constant support. All reviewers are thanked for their comments on the manuscripts. We further acknowledge the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grants RE 665/39-1 and DU1450/3-1, DFG Priority Program 1833 “Building a habitable Earth”), the Courant Research Centre of the University of Göttingen (DFG, German Excellence Program), and the Göttingen Academy of Sciences & Humanities (GASH) for financial and logistic support.

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Fig. 1. Participants of the international symposium “Dating the Origin of Life: Present Day Molecules and First Fossil Record” (held in 2014 in Göttingen). 1: Wilfried Kramer, 2: Elizabeth D. Swanner, 3: Andreas Kappler, 4: Andrew Steele, 5: Chaitanya Giri, 6: Michael Hoppert, 7: Martin Blumenberg, 8: Tom McCollom, 9: Aude Picard, 10: Maximilian Halama, 11: Hans-Joachim Fritz, 12: Blanca Rincón Thomás, 13: Ulf Diederichsen, 14: Steven Benner, 15: Sudhir Kumar, 16: Dorothea Hause-Reitner, 17: Christian Hallmann, 18: Cui Luo, 19: Stefan Peters, 20: Andreas Pack, 21: Joachim Reitner, 22: Bettina Schirrmeister, 23: Jan-Peter Duda, 24: Anna Kral, 25: Natalie Bleile, 26: Fritz Eckstein, 27: Patrick Kunath, 28: Raul Schrott, 29: Manolo Gouy, 30: Walter Goetz, 31: Dietmar Porschke, 32: Nadine Schäfer, 33: Alexander Gehler, 34: Martin Van Kranendonk, 35: Blair Hedges, 36: Volker Thiel, 37: Niels Höche, 38: Sukanya Sengupta.