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‘All eyes are on you’: Gender, race, and opinion writing on the US Courts of Appeals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Laura P. Moyer ,
John Szmer ,
Susan Haire  and
Robert K. Christensen
Laura P. Moyer*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
John Szmer
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
Susan Haire
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
Robert K. Christensen
Affiliation:
Romney Institute of Public Service and Ethics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
*
Laura P. Moyer, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA., Email: laura.moyer@louisville.edu
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Abstract

Because stereotyping affects individual assessments of ability and because of socializing experiences in the law, we argue that women and judges of color, while well-credentialed, feel pressure to work harder than their white male peers to demonstrate their competence. Using an original dataset of published appellate court opinions from 2008–2016, we find that majority opinions authored by female and non-white judges go farther to explain and justify their rulings, when compared to opinions written by white male peers. In comparison to other judges, opinions by white men are about 6% shorter, with 11% fewer citations, and 17% fewer extensively discussed citations. Our findings suggest that norms about crafting judicial opinions are gendered and racialized in ways that create higher workloads for women and judges of color.

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Articles
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Law & Society Review , Volume 55 , Issue 3 , September 2021 , pp. 452 - 472
Copyright
© 2021 Law and Society Association.

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Footnotes

How to cite this article: Moyer, Laura P., John Szmer, Susan Haire, Robert K. Christensen. 2021. “All eyes are on you”: Gender, race, and opinion writing on the US Courts of Appeals. Law & Society Review 55(3): 452-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12559

Funding information National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Numbers: 1654614, 1654559, 1654697, 1655159

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