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2 results

  • 8 - Molecular imaging of bipolar illness

  • from Section II - Mood Disorders
    • By John O. Brooks III, Department of Psychiatry David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA, Po W. Wang, Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA and Medical Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY, USA, Terence A. Ketter, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
    Published online:
    10 January 2011
    Print publication:
    09 December 2010, pp 125-138

  • Summary

    There are a number of potential neurochemical alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit that are related to the clinical expression of bipolar disorder. This chapter focuses on translational studies that integrate neurochemical and neuroanatomical information to better understand the pathophysiology of bipolar disorders. There are three major frontal-subcortical circuits that constitute the corticolimbic network: dorsolateral prefrontal, lateral orbitofrontal, and anterior cingulate. Several techniques have been developed that allow for non-invasive assessment of neurochemistry. Ligand-specific positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) permit regional measurement of monoamines and other neurochemicals, which are thought to be crucial to affective processes. There have been numerous findings of peripheral serotonergic dysfunction in bipolar disorder, including decreased serotonergic reuptake in platelets. The neurochemistry of corticolimbic circuits presents additional challenges for clarifying the neurochemical basis of dysregulation that has been observed in functional neuroimaging studies.

  • Executive dysfunction in substance dependent individuals during drug use and abstinence: An examination of the behavioral, cognitive and emotional correlates of addiction

  • ANTONIO VERDEJO-GARCÍA, ANTOINE BECHARA, EMILY C. RECKNOR, MIGUEL PÉREZ-GARCÍA
  • Journal:
    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 12 / Issue 3 / May 2006
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 May 2006, pp. 405-415

  • Increasing evidence indicates that substance-dependent individuals (SDI) are impaired in executive control tasks relying on different systems within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Three different functional systems have been described: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) circuits. Dysfunction within each PFC system is associated with different behavioral, cognitive, and emotional abnormalities. Few studies have conducted an exhaustive examination of all these different factors in SDI. In this study, SDI (including alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine polysubstance users, n = 35) were compared with healthy controls (n = 36) on a series of behavioral (Frontal Systems Behaviour Scale, FrSBe), cognitive (N-back, Go-No Go, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Tasks), and emotional (International Affective Picture System, IAPS) tasks, each of which was thought to tax a different component of these PFC functional systems. SDI showed greater behavioral problems in the apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction subscales of the FrSBe. Behavioral deficits were significantly associated with several real-life domains in which SDI typically have problems. SDI also showed poorer performance on cognitive tests of working memory, response inhibition and mental flexibility, and abnormal processing of affective images from the IAPS. Cognitive, behavioral, and emotional measures were moderately correlated.This study was conducted in the Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA (JINS, 2006, 12, 405–415.)