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4 results

  • Chapter 18 - Ottoman Fatwās on the Substitution of Defunct Endowment Properties, from al-Aqwāl al-Marḍiyya of Qāḍīzādah Muḥammad Ṭāhir (d. 1254/1834)

  • from Part III - Legal Opinions (Fatwās)
  • Edited by Omar Anchassi, Universität Bern, Switzerland, Robert Gleave, University of Exeter
  • Book:
    Islamic Law in Context
    Published online:
    14 November 2024
    Print publication:
    21 November 2024, pp 194-203

  • Summary

    This chapter explores the intervention of the late-18th century Ottoman jurist Kadizâda Mehmed Tâhir in a longstanding controversy: the legitimacy of istibdāl (the exchange of an endowed property for cash, or for another property). This mechanism was recognised as valid by the Ḥanbalī school of law, somewhat exceptionally. Istibdāl was an important means of reviving defunct endowments (sing. waqf) whose properties no longer generated the income necessary to support the charitable causes they had been devoted to, as well as a means of ensuring the continued circulation of property in society. Kadizâda Mehmed Tâhir argued in favour of the legitimacy of this mechanism and sought to uphold the decision of a Cairene deputy judge of the Ḥanbalī school who permitted istibdāl in a case where the endowment deed (waqfiyya) explicitly precluded its use.

  • 22 - The Impact of New Economic Developments on the Market and Democracy

  • from Part III - The Period after the 1970s
  • Vito Tanzi, International Institute of Public Finance (IIPF), Germany
  • Book:
    Monitoring the State or the Market
    Published online:
    07 December 2023
    Print publication:
    21 December 2023, pp 173-184

  • Summary

    Recent years have witnessed other significant changes. For example, cash is used less and less while good manners seem to have increasingly characterized past behavior. Spending of individuals and families seem to come more and more in fixed amounts. The law of demand seems to play less of a role, while the overall budget has become more important. This means that tightening the belt can play less of a role when economic conditions worsen during recessions and inflations. The value of economic exchange now depends much more on the information contained in the exchange than on the value of the labor and material of what is exchanged. This may have implications for the welfare as distinguished from the economic value of the exchange. More recently the scarcity of rare materials and of difficult to produce inputs (such as micro transistors) may have become more important.

  • Childhood trauma in a sample of patients with psychosis and healthy brothers

  • R. Hernandez Anton, G. Gutierrez Talavera, M. Zandio Zorrilla, L. Moreno Izco, A. Sánchez-Torres
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 64 / Issue S1 / April 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 August 2021, pp. S211-S212
    • Article
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  • Introduction

    Psychosis are complex disorders due to their symptomatic and evolutionary heterogeneity. The genetic-environmental interaction model is the most accepted etiopathogenic model, in which neurobiological processes (genetic factors, connectivity and brain structure) and environmental factors (for example: childhood trauma) are studied. The association between suffering traumatic events in childhood and the subsequent development of a Mental Disorder is of increasing interest.

    Objectives

    Analyze if a childhood trauma is a modulating factor of psychotic symptoms in patients with Mental Disorder. Analyze the implication of childhood trauma in long-term functionality.

    Methods

    The sample is made up of 37 patients with psychosis and their healthy brothers. Different sociodemographic, clinical and evolutionary variables were collected in all groups. The sample was evaluated using the semi-structured interview CASH, the WHODAS scale and the self-applied questionnaire CTQ.

    Results

    We did not find significant differences between the scores of CTQ between patients with psychosis and their healthy brothers. Sexual abuse is significantly correlated with the presence of hallucinations, inappropriate affect, formal thought disorders and catatonic symptoms. Emotional neglect is significantly correlated with the presence of hallucinations, inappropriate affect, affective blunting, and anhedonia. Physical neglect is significantly correlated with flattery and blunt affection. Sexual abuse is correlated with poorer personal care. Emotional neglect is correlated with poorer personal care, poorer family functioning, and worse overall functioning in the last year.

    Conclusions

    The intensity of traumatic experiences throughout childhood could be considered a modulating factor of psychotic symptoms (positive, negative, disorganized and catatonic) and overall functioning (occupational, family, social and personal care).