This article provides a conceptual framework that fills a critical gap at the intersection of Chinese art and cultural history. It focuses on the Yongzheng emperor's ‘Illustrated Inventory of Ancient Playthings’ (Guwantu) and its significance within the context of the collecting and courtly elite culture of the High Qing. Through a comprehensive examination of scroll B/C.8–V&A of the Guwantu itself, as well as the relevant source material, this study elucidates the dynamics that shaped the connections between artist, collector and object in the context of the scroll. Furthermore, this contribution throws light on the multiple entangled relationships that underpinned imperial collecting practices of the period, ultimately offering new insights into the socio-cultural milieu of collectors and connoisseurs in early eighteenth-century China.

Individual differences in decision making are a topic of longstanding interest, but often yield inconsistent and contradictory results. After providing an overview of individual difference measures that have commonly been used in judgment and decision-making (JDM) research, we suggest that our understanding of individual difference effects in JDM may be improved by amending our approach to studying them. We propose four recommendations for improving the pursuit of individual differences in JDM research: a more systematic approach; more theory-driven selection of measures; a reduced emphasis on main effects in favor of interactions between individual differences and decision features, situational factors, and other individual differences; and more extensive communication of results (whether significant or null, published or unpublished). As a first step, we offer our database—the Decision Making Individual Differences Inventory (DMIDI; http://html://www.sjdm.org/dmidi), a free, public resource that categorizes and describes the most common individual difference measures used in JDM research.

The heterogeneous landscape of Nicaragua harbours a large diversity of freshwater fishes. The great Nicaraguan lakes, Managua and Nicaragua, and several adjacent crater lakes harbour numerous endemic fish species. However, information about their parasite fauna is still fragmentary. Here, we surveyed the great Nicaraguan lakes and four crater lakes and provide data for 17 metazoan parasite taxa infecting seven fish host species. We also gathered all the published records from the literature on the parasites reported from Nicaraguan freshwater fishes, as well as those for Costa Rica and Panama to discuss the region of Lower Central America as a whole. With this information we built a parasite–host and a host–parasite checklist. With data from near 50% of the native and endemic freshwater fishes in Nicaragua, the parasite fauna comprises 101 taxa in 51 fish species allocated in 11 families. Cichlids are the most diverse group of fishes in this region and have been the most extensively surveyed for their metazoan parasites. Helminths are the best-represented groups of metazoan parasites, with 42 trematodes, five cestodes, 24 monogeneans, two acanthocephalans, 20 nematodes and one hirudinean. Additionally, freshwater fishes are parasitized by copepods, branchiurans and oribatid mites. Even though the inventory is not yet complete, the patterns of diversity uncovered revealed promising information about the origin, biogeography and evolutionary history of the Nicaraguan freshwater fish parasite fauna. More studies are necessary to complete our knowledge about the diversity, host association and distribution of metazoan parasites in Nicaragua and other Central American countries.

This paper provides an up-to-date inventory of the works of Nicole Oresme (ca. 1320–1382). For each text, we present the incipit and the explicit, its (approximate) date, the list of manuscripts, and, whenever possible, editions and translations. We also inventory self-references contained in Oresme's writings and discuss specific problems concerning their titles, attributions, and textual transmission. Oresme's works are classified into nine groups, for each of which we offer preliminary remarks to situate the group in the context of Oresme's career. The two appendices provide detailed information about two texts of possible Oresmian attribution.

In the study of human motivations, self-interest is often seen as a determining factor and opposed to other-interest. Recently a new conceptualization has been proposed in which both interests can occur at the same time. In order to measure these constructs, the Self-and Other-Interest Inventory (SOII; Gerbasi & Prentice, 2013) was created, which has one version for adults and one for students. Due to the absence of similar measurement instruments in Spain, the aim of this work is to adapt the SOII to Spanish university students. Several studies were conducted. First, the construct was analyzed through rational-analytical procedures. Second, the items were translated following an iterative forward-translation design. Finally, evidence of validity was obtained through analytical procedures. Specifically, two pilot studies were carried out in which two independent samples of Spanish students participated (N1 = 119; N2 = 165). In both studies descriptive analyzes of the items were performed, reliability was estimated and the factor structure of the SOII was explored from an exploratory factor analysis. The results showed adequate reliability and a two-factor solution consistent with the original.

In this paper we continue the examination of inventory control in which the inventory is modeled by a diffusion process and a long-term average cost criterion is used to make decisions. The class of such models under consideration has general drift and diffusion coefficients, and boundary points that are consistent with the notion that demand should tend to reduce the inventory level. The conditions on the cost functions are greatly relaxed from those in Helmes et al. (2017). Characterization of the cost of a general (s, S) policy as a function of two variables naturally leads to a nonlinear optimization problem over the ordering levels s and S. Existence of an optimizing pair (s*, S*) is established for these models under very weak conditions; nonexistence of an optimizing pair is also discussed. Using average expected occupation and ordering measures and weak convergence arguments, weak conditions are given for the optimality of the (s*, S*) ordering policy in the general class of admissible policies. The analysis involves an auxiliary function that is globally C2 and which, together with the infimal cost, solves a particular system of linear equations and inequalities related to but different from the long-term average Hamilton‒Jacobi‒Bellman equation. This approach provides an analytical solution to the problem rather than a solution involving intricate analysis of the stochastic processes. The range of applicability of these results is illustrated on a drifted Brownian motion inventory model, both unconstrained and reflected, and on a geometric Brownian motion inventory model under two different cost structures.

Individual food consumption surveys (IFCS) are performed to evaluate compliance with food/nutrient intake requirements or exposure to potential harmful dietary contaminants/components. In this review, we inventoried methods and designs used in national IFCS and discussed the methodologies applied across countries. Literature searches were performed using fixed sets of search terms in different online databases. We identified IFCS in thirty-nine countries from six world continents. National IFCS systems are available in most of the high-income countries, while such surveys are scarce in low- and middle-income countries (e.g. Africa, Eastern Europe and several Asian countries). Few countries (n 9) have their national IFCS incorporated into national health and nutrition surveys, allowing the investigation of dietary-related disease outcomes. Of the integrated surveys, most have the advantage of being continuous/regular, contrary to other IFCS that are mostly erratic. This review serves as the basis to define gaps and needs in IFCS worldwide and assists in defining priorities for resource allocation. In addition, it can serve as a source of inspiration for countries that do not have an IFCS system in place yet and advocate for national IFCS to be incorporated into national health and nutrition surveys in order to create: (1) research opportunities for investigating diet–disease relationships and (2) a frame to plan and evaluate the effect of diet-related policies (e.g. promotion of local nutrient-rich foods) and of nutrition recommendations, such as food-based dietary guidelines. Countries that integrate their IFCS within their national health and nutrition survey can serve as proof-of-principle for other countries.

This study adopted the scaling approach to examine the impacts of inventories on tuna auction prices in Japan using the Rotterdam inverse demand system. The inclusion of two inventory variables in the model only increases the number of parameters by two. Results indicate that frozen tunas are more likely to be close substitutes, fresh and frozen tunas of the same species are also likely to be substitutes, and inventory had significant impacts on auction prices.

Accurate identification is the first step in weed control. Weed photography is important because a good picture, plus a descriptive botanical key, more accurately identifies plants. Also, quality pictures provide an important learning tool for students, agribusiness personnel, and producers. This paper includes recommendations for selecting photographic equipment and film as well as practical techniques for controlling backgrounds, light, plant movement, and depth of field in photographing plants.

We consider a continuous review (s, S) model of perishable items with lost sales. Once items are perished the entire inventory drops instantaneously to zero. The total cost includes the cost of: ordering, unsatisfied demand, units destroyed, holding, and fixed cost of perishability. Both the time to perishability and the lead times are assumed to be exponentially distributed while two cases of demand distribution are considered: Poisson and compound Poisson with general demand sizes. We study the average cost criterion and provide computational results on the problem of finding the optimal re-order level, s, and order up-to level, S. None of the known work on the subject is as general as the model presented here. Our analysis leads to several insights on the optimal (s, S) policies for perishable items in the presence of lead times. For example, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of a heuristic that ignores perishability (and is also analyzed here) decreases with the demand variability and that the cost may either increase or decrease with this variability.